Stereoscopic 3D dashboards
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Stereoscopic 3D dashboards An investigation of performance, workload, and gaze behavior during take-overs in semi-autonomous driving Florian Weidner1
· Wolfgang Broll1
Received: 19 August 2019 / Accepted: 27 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract When operating a conditionally automated vehicle, humans occasionally have to take over control. If the driver is out of the loop, a certain amount of time is necessary to gain situation awareness. This work evaluates the potential of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) dashboards for presenting smart S3D take-over-requests (TORs) to support situation assessment. In a driving simulator study with a 4 × 2 between-within design, we presented 3 smart TORs showing the current traffic situation and a baseline TOR in 2D and S3D to 52 participants doing the n-back task. We further investigate if non-standard locations affect the results. Take-over performance indicates that participants looked at and processed the TORs’ visual information and by that, could perform more safe take-overs. S3D warnings in general, as well as warnings appearing at the participants’ focus of attention and warnings at the instrument cluster, performed best. We conclude that visual warnings, presented on an S3D dashboard, can be a valid option to support take-over while not increasing workload. We further discuss participants’ gaze behavior in the context of visual warnings for automotive user interfaces. Keywords Automotive user interfaces · Stereoscopic 3D · Driving simulation
1 Introduction With level 2 automation on the road and higher levels being tested, it is important to look at the moments when humans suddenly have to take over control [62]. These situations require fast, correct, and safe responses to a potentially dangerous traffic situation. To make matters more complicated, it is very likely that humans engage in non-driving-related tasks when automation is enabled and by that, have reduced situation awareness (SA) [24]. Before the human can (or should) react to a take-over request Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-020-01438-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Florian Weidner
[email protected] Wolfgang Broll [email protected] 1
Virtual Worlds And Digital Games Group, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
(TOR), a certain level of SA is necessary [20]. While motor readiness is almost instantaneously available, gaining SA takes a certain amount of time. The longer it takes to gain SA, the higher the risk of an accident [25]. Walch et al. [67] conclude their research with the statement that the majority of their participants simply took over as soon as a TOR was issued — without assessing the situation. Contrary to that, Telpaz et al. [66] mention that their haptic take-over support system did not perform well because drivers did a complete visual scan of their surroundings before acting. Bueno et al. [11] hint at a possible solution to av
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