Strategies for applying gray water effluent on ornamental sunflower crops
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Strategies for applying gray water effluent on ornamental sunflower crops Mikhael Rangel de Souza Melo 1,2 & Nildo da Silva Dias 1 & Igor José Nascimento de Medeiros 1 & Kaline Dantas Travassos 1,2 & Neyton de Oliveira Miranda 1 & Marcelo Tavares Gurgel 2 & Hozano de Souza Lemos Neto 3 & Cleyton dos Santos Fernandes 1 Received: 16 October 2019 / Accepted: 5 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In a context of scarcity of good quality water, reuse is a mandatory practice to increase water availability, thus allowing the exploitation of more cropland. Although several studies have evaluated the hydric potential of domestic gray water to promote the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture, the focus of this study was to evaluate the application of this effluent on an ornamental plant, the sunflower. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment using a completely randomized block design with split plots and four replicates. Irrigation solutions containing different mixtures of treated gray water effluent (TGW) and drinking water (DW) (100% DW, 25% TGW + 75% DW, 50% TGW + 50% DW, 75% TGW + 25% DW, and 100% TGW) were arranged in the plots, while the ornamental sunflower cultivars (Bonito de Outono Sortido and Sol Vermelho) were arranged in the split plots. Irrigation with treated gray water did not affect the growth of the plants and the quality of the flowers until the dilution of 55% in drinking water. The cultivar Sol Vermelho showed better plant growth and flower quality when fertigated with dilutions of treated gray water. The principle of mixing fresh with gray water, applied to the production of ornamental sunflowers, allows obtaining flowers of good quality while saving drinking water and decreasing the deposition of effluents in the environment. Keywords Helianthus annuus L. . Water reuse . Floriculture . Environmental sustainability
Introduction Global water demand is increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and industrialization, and expansion of agriculture. Since the increase in water demand also implies a greater volume of effluents produced, the inadequate management of wastewater can cause increasingly
Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Hozano de Souza Lemos Neto [email protected] 1
Center for Agrarian Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Mossoró, Brazil
2
Office to Coordinate Improvement of University Personnel (CAPES), Brasília, Brazil
3
Graduate Crop Science Program, Center for Agrarian Sciences (Researcher CNPq/PDJ - Proc.154458/2018-0), Federal Rural University of the Semiarid, Mossoró, Brazil
negative impacts on the environment. These global phenomena are overloading available water resources, so that fresh water has become one of the most limiting factors, prompting countries in many parts of the world to establish policies for domestic wastewater reuse to meet rising water demands (Abu Ghunmi et al. 2010; Leas et al. 2014; Pandey et al. 2014). In regions with semiarid clim
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