Straw Incorporation Coupled with Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizer Improved Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

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ORIGINAL PAPER

Straw Incorporation Coupled with Deep Placement of Nitrogen Fertilizer Improved Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Direct-Seeded Rice Yunyan Chen 1,2 & Pingshan Fan 3 & Lin Li 1,2 & Hua Tian 1,2 & Umair Ashraf 1,4 & Zhaowen Mo 1,2 & Meiyang Duan 1,2 & Qiantong Wu 1 & Zheng Zhang 1,2 & Xiangru Tang 1,2 & Shenggang Pan 1,2 Received: 30 April 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020

Abstract The purpose of this study is to understand how grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency were affected by straw incorporation coupled with deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer in direct-seeded rice in South China. The experimental treatments comprised deep placement of N fertilization coupled with straw return (DS) and without straw return (DO) as well as surface broadcasting of N fertilizer coupled with straw return (SS) and without straw return (SO), whereas no fertilizer placement and no straw return were taken as a control (FS0) in two rice cultivars, i.e., Yuxiangyouzhan (YX) and Wufengyou615 (WF), grown in early and late season of 2018. Results depicted that, compared with FS0, DS significantly (P < 0.05) improved grain yield by 68.7–115.9% owing to higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at the heading stage, larger total aboveground biomass, and leaf area index (LAI). Compared with DO, the nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) and nitrogen agronomic use efficiency (NAE) in DS were increased by 19.3–188.6% and 1.9– 33.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of the flag leaves at heading stage for DS was increased by 10.6– 93.0% as compared with DO treatment. Therefore, straw incorporation coupled with deep placement of nitrogen fertilizer could be a feasible technique with the increase of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in direct-seeded rice (DSR) in South China. Keywords Nitrogen deep placement . Straw incorporation . Grain yield . Nitrogen use efficiency . Direct-seeded rice

1 Introduction Rice is one of the most important cereal crops and consumed as staple food over the globe (FAO 2009), whereas to improve

* Xiangru Tang [email protected] * Shenggang Pan [email protected] 1

College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China

2

Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture PR China, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China

3

Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bio-resources, College of Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China

4

Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab 54770, Pakistan

the resource use efficiency would be of great importance to ensure food security for ever increasing population on sustained basis (Ashraf et al. 2017a, b). Thus, it is necessary to explore the potential of rice production systems to meet the present and future food requirements (He et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2019a). Nitrogen (N)