Structural, Spectral, and Optical Characterization of Potassium bis(2-methyllactato)borate Hemihydrate Crystal
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08354-w 2020 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Structural, Spectral, and Optical Characterization of Potassium bis(2-methyllactato)borate Hemihydrate Crystal G. GOKILA,1 R. AARTHI,1 and C. RAMACHANDRA RAJA1,2 1.—Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, Tamilnadu 612002, India. 2.—e-mail: [email protected]
Potassium bis(2-methyllactato)borate hemihydrate (KMB) was grown by a solvent evaporation technique. Crystal structural analysis revealed that the potassium cation was pseudo-octahedrally coordinated by five O atoms from four bis(2-methyllactato)borate (MB) ligands and half-occupied water. The sharp peaks in the powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern confirmed the perfect crystalline nature of the KMB. Transparency was observed in the range from 215 nm to 1100 nm, and the bandgap of KMB was determined to be 2.15 eV. The molecular structure of KMB was established by interpreting the functional group vibrations through vibrational spectroscopy. The molecular structure was further confirmed by the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral technique. The peak followed by valley nature observed is due to the self-focusing behavior of KMB. The minimum transmission near the focus in the open aperture curve is attributed to the reverse saturation absorption nature of KMB. The third-order susceptibility (v(3)) of KMB is estimated to be 4.17694 9 10 5 esu. These results suggest that KMB can be used in optical sensors as well as other photonic and optoelectronic applications. Key words: Crystal structure, solvent evaporation technique, NMR analysis, Z-scan technique
INTRODUCTION Progress in the area of technology and communications has resulted in greater demand for the development of suitable nonlinear optical (NLO) materials.1 The generation of different frequencies results in different laser sources, in turn enabling advances in the fields of photonics, optoelectronics, and optical communications.2–5 To achieve these advances, current research is focusing on the development of efficient NLO crystals. Moreover, many researchers have developed and reported on several organic and inorganic NLO crystals. Organic crystals such as 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4¢-N¢-methyl-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST)6 and 3-methyl-4methoxy-4¢-nitrostilbene (MMONS)7 exhibit high
(Received February 11, 2020; accepted July 23, 2020)
NLO efficiency but lack mechanical and thermal stability. Meanwhile, inorganic crystals such as (KBBF),8 K3B6O10Cl (KBOC),9 KBe2BO3F2 10 Ba4B11O20F (BBOF), etc. exhibit good physiochemical stability and deep-ultraviolet (UV) generation but poor NLO efficiency. To overcome these shortcomings of organic and inorganic crystals, semiorganic crystals have emerged over the past few years. The functionalization of organic materials with suitable inorganic acids and salts leads to the formation of new semiorganic crystal structures with hydrogen bonding.11,12 The formation of hydrogen bonds in the structure promotes the NLO efficiency of such crystal as well as their physical
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