Studies on the aetiology of kiwifruit decline: interaction between soil-borne pathogens and waterlogging
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Studies on the aetiology of kiwifruit decline: interaction between soil-borne pathogens and waterlogging Francesco Savian & Fabrizio Ginaldi & Rita Musetti & Nicola Sandrin & Giulia Tarquini & Laura Pagliari & Giuseppe Firrao & Marta Martini & Paolo Ermacora
Received: 22 October 2019 / Accepted: 8 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Aims In 2012, Italian kiwifruit orchards were hit by a serious root disease of unknown aetiology (kiwifruit decline, KD) that still causes extensive damage to the sector. While waterlogging was soon observed to be associated with its outbreak, the putative role of soil microbiota remains unknown. This work investigates the role of these two factors in the onset of the disease. Methods Historical rainfall data were analysed to identify changes that might explain KD outbreak and mimic the flooding conditions required to reproduce the disease in a controlled environment. A greenhouse experiment was thus designed, and vines were grown in either unsterilized (U) or sterilized (S) soil collected from KDaffected orchards, and subjected (F) or not (N) to Francesco Savian and Fabrizio Ginaldi contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Stéphane Compant. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04671-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. F. Savian : R. Musetti : N. Sandrin : G. Tarquini : L. Pagliari : G. Firrao : M. Martini (*) : P. Ermacora Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy e-mail: [email protected] F. Ginaldi CREA – Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, via di Corticella 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
artificial flooding. Treatments were compared in terms of mortality rate, growth, and tissue modifications. Results KD symptoms were only displayed by FUtreated vines, with an incidence of 90%. Ultrastructural observations detected tyloses and fibrils in the xylem vessels of all plants, irrespective of the treatment. Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium chamaehyphon, isolated from roots of FU plants, emerged as the associated microorganisms. Conclusions We succeeded in reproducing KD under controlled conditions and confirmed its association with both waterlogging and soil-borne microorganism(s).
Keywords Actinidia deliciosa . ITS sequencing . Phytopythium spp. . Rainfall time series . Transmission electron microscopy . Waterlogging List of abbreviation C experimental condition acronym for plants grown in sterilized peat and under optimal water condition CR cumulative rainfall (mm) ET elapsing time between two consecutive rainfall FD downpours causing flooding FS experimental condition acronym for flooded plants grown in sterilized soil FU experimental condition acronym for flooded plants grown in unsterilized soil KD Kiwifruit decline NU experimental condition acronym for non-flooded plants grown i
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