Sulfur Distribution and Availability in Alkaline Subtropical Soils Affected by Organic Amendments
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Sulfur Distribution and Availability in Alkaline Subtropical Soils Affected by Organic Amendments Kouser Majeed Malik 1 & Khalid Saifullah Khan 1
&
Mohammad Saleem Akhtar 1 & Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed 2
Received: 19 December 2019 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Sulfur availability depends upon the distribution of S forms in soil, interaction among them, and soil microbial properties. Organic amendments play a vital role in maintaining adequate S reserves in soil. However, two important questions in this regard are (i) the effect of microbial activity on sulfur oxidation in soil, and (ii) the relationship of sulfur fractions to available S pool in soil. The present experiment was designed to assess the effect of organic amendments on sulfur fractions, availability, and microbial properties in soil. Two alkaline subtropical soils belonging to Missa (silt loam Typic Ustochrept) and Kahuta (sandy loam Udic Haplustalf) soil series were amended with organic amendments, viz. farmyard manure (FYM), poultry litter (PL), and sugarcane filter cake (SF), at 1% w/w and incubated at 25 °C for 56 days maintaining soil moisture at 50% WHC. CO2-C evolution rate, the ∑CO2-C, and also the ∑CO2-C to microbial biomass C differed with the soils and were higher in poultry litter– amended soils. Dissolved organic C (DOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were also higher in poultry litter while the microbial biomass S (MBS) and arylsulfatase activity (ASA) were higher in the sugarcane filter cake– amended soils. Organic amendments significantly increased plant-available SO42− and enhanced C-bonded S, and inorganic S fractions in the following order: sugarcane filter cake > poultry litter > farmyard manure. Organic amendments significantly improved microbial activity and S availability in soil depending upon their labile organic C, organic S, and available S contents. Keywords Microbial biomass . Enzyme activity . Dehydrogenase activity . Organic amendments . Sulfur fractions . Alkaline calcareous soils
1 Introduction Sulfur availability to crop plants depends upon different S forms present in soil and interaction among them (Parakhia et al. 2016). Organic C content, type of fertilizers used especially the organic
* Khalid Saifullah Khan [email protected] Kouser Majeed Malik [email protected] Mohammad Saleem Akhtar [email protected] Zammurad Iqbal Ahmed [email protected] 1
Institute of Soil Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
2
Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
fertilizers, and soil pH are the main factors influencing sulfur distribution to soil and its release into plant-available form (Gao et al. 2017). Conversion of organic S into inorganic sulfate and the reverse processes play a vital role in the biogeochemical cycling of S and its bioavailability (Blum et al. 2013; Xu et al. 2016). Studies have shown that o
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