Summary of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens and nematodes for insect control
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REVIEW
Summary of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens and nematodes for insect control Ann E. Hajek . Sana Gardescu . Italo Delalibera Jr.
Received: 13 February 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2020
Abstract A catalogue of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens (fungi, microsporidia, viruses, bacteria, and one oomycete) and nematodes attacking arthropod pests, updated from a 2005 first edition, was published in 2016. This paper summarizes and discusses the 2016 catalogue. Classical biological control with pathogens or nematodes has been used to target insect or mite pests in 55 countries. A total of 164 release programs using 49 species or isolates of entomopathogens and nematodes for control of more than 85 target pest species were included in the analysis. For the 119 programs where results after release were reported, 71% of agents became established, and of those that established 51% resulted in successful control of the target pest and an additional 36% provided partial control. The most frequent pathogen groups used have been fungi, viruses, and nematodes, and the most frequent target hosts have been Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Releases of viruses were most successful at establishing (97%). The great success of some programs using pathogens
Handling Editor: Nicolai Meyling. A. E. Hajek (&) S. Gardescu Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601, USA e-mail: [email protected] I. Delalibera Jr. Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQUniversity of Sa˜o Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
highly specific to pest species suggests that this strategy should be further explored. Keywords Microbial control Introduction biological control Importation biological control Invasive species Pest management
Introduction Increasing numbers of species are being moved around the world, which is resulting in more pests impacting agriculture (e.g. Bebber et al. 2014), forestry (e.g. Roy et al. 2014), and human health (Mazza and Tricarico 2018). It has been predicted that the rate of invasions will not decrease any time soon (Seebens et al. 2017), so the need to control invasive pests will continue. Once an alien species is introduced to an ecosystem and becomes established and then impactful there are often few options for control. For control of invasive insects, one major strategy has been classical biological control (also referred to as importation or introduction biological control) because, if all works perfectly, this can offer a permanent solution (Hajek and Eilenberg 2018). Classical biological control is essentially the intentional introduction of an exotic control agent intended for permanent establishment and long-term pest control. Although results are often not perfect, this strategy has led to partial or complete control of 225 invasive insect species and 57 invasive
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weed species since 1888 (Heimpel and
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