Sunspot Records by Antonio Colla Just After the Dalton Minimum
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Sunspot Records by Antonio Colla Just After the Dalton Minimum V.M.S. Carrasco1,2 · C. Bertolin3 · F. Domínguez-Castro4,5 · L. de Ferri3 M.C. Gallego1,2 · J.M. Vaquero2,6
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Received: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 July 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Antonio Colla was a meteorologist and astronomer who made sunspot observations at the Meteorological Observatory of the Parma University (Italy). He carried out his sunspot observations from 1830 to 1843, just after the Dalton Minimum. We have recovered 71 observation days for this observer. Unfortunately, many of these records are qualitative and we could only obtain the number of sunspot groups and/or single sunspots from 25 observations. However, we highlight the importance of these records because Colla is not included in the sunspot group database as an observer and, therefore, neither are his sunspot observations. With regards to the number of groups, the sunspot observations made by Colla are similar to those of several observers of his time. For common observation days, only Stark recorded significantly more groups than Colla. Moreover, we have calculated the sunspot areas and positions from Colla’s sunspot drawings concluding that both areas and positions recorded by this observer seem unreal. Therefore, Colla’s drawings can be interpreted such as sketches showing reliable information on the number of groups but the information on sunspot areas and positions should not be used for scientific purposes. Keywords Sunspot observations · Solar Cycle 8 · Parma
B V.M.S. Carrasco
[email protected]
1
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
2
Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
3
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
4
Fundación ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
5
Departamento de Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
6
Departamento de Física, Universidad de Extremadura, 06800 Mérida, Spain
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V.M.S. Carrasco et al.
1. Introduction Solar activity can be related to multiple phenomena. For example, the sunspot area and geomagnetic disturbances can be used as measures or indices of solar activity (Usoskin, 2017). The most used index in order to study the long-term solar activity is the sunspot number (Vaquero, 2007; Muñoz-Jaramillo and Vaquero, 2019). This index is obtained from direct observations of the sunspot number that have appeared on the solar disc (Hoyt and Schatten, 1998; Clette et al., 2014). The sunspot number has been more or less systematically recorded since 1610, after the invention of the telescope (Arlt and Vaquero, 2020). Thus, this observational set is considered like the world’s longest-running experiment (Owens, 2013). In more than 400 years of telescopic observations, some periods characterized by low solar activity have been recorded. The o
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