Surface Reconstruction

Surface reconstruction (SR) may be thermally induced as in solid–gas environments at relatively high temperatures, electrochemically induced as in solid–liquid half-cells subjected to an electric potential range, or chemically induced due to chemical surf

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Phase Transformation in Metals Mathematics, Theory and Practice

Phase Transformation in Metals

Nestor Perez

Phase Transformation in Metals Mathematics, Theory and Practice

Nestor Perez University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez, Puerto Rico

ISBN 978-3-030-49167-3 ISBN 978-3-030-49168-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49168-0 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

My wife Neida My daughters Jennifer and Roxie My son Christopher

Foreword

It is indeed a privilege for me to introduce to engineering students, instructors, and practitioners Dr. Nestor Perez’s third book: Mathematics of Phase Transformation. His first two books, Fracture Mechanics and Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science, published by Springer, were so successful that very quickly a second edition came up for each of the books, and a translation in Mandarin was also published in rapid succession. This time Dr. Perez wrote in the same line of thought as in the first two books, thinking about the academia as well as the industries. His mathematics, as the title of this book indicates, is very straightforward and to the point. The book is meant for the advanced undergraduate and the graduate level courses in all engineering disciplines that deal with both theory and practice of industrial materials. Dr. Perez has treated each chapter with careful caution such that its mathematics could help to understand and explain the physical phenomena, and would not “govern” them. There is no governing equation but simply mathematical analyses a priori in order to predict some experimental results or a posteriori for obtaining some empirical relationship out of the experimental results