Synergistic efficacy of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide, chlorhexidine digluconate on diverse bacterial strains causing r
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Synergistic efficacy of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide, chlorhexidine digluconate on diverse bacterial strains causing red‑heat and purple‑stain deteriorations of leather Syed Ammar Hussain1 · Majher I. Sarker1 · Hailemichael O. Yosief1 Received: 13 July 2020 / Revised: 25 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © This is a U.S. government work and its text is not subject to copyright protection in the United States; however, its text may be subject to foreign copyright protection 2020
Abstract This investigation assessed the synergistic effectiveness of alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATMB) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CDG) on selected microbes causing red-heat and purple stain degradations on salt-cured hides and leather products. This biological phenomenon ultimately deteriorates the finished leather quality and grounds considerable economic losses for leather industry. In tryptic soy broth, combination of ATMB and/CDG at the concentration of 900/90 ppm for predefined time interval of 1, 3, and 6 min caused in 0.73, 2.45, and 2.95 log CFU/mL reductions of bacterial cocktail population cell survival, respectively. Whereas in saturated brine solution (SBS), the bacterial cocktail treated with 600/60 and 900/90 ppm of ATMB/CDG for 18 h resulted ~ 74% and 98% reduction, respectively, in comparison to their respective controls. Furthermore, lessening of individual bacterial cultivations by combined ATMB and CDG in SBS was also elucidated. Keywords Microbial contamination · Alkyltrimethylammonium bromide (ATMB) · Chlorhexidine digluconate (CDG) · Disinfection · Agriculture (byproducts: hide) · Biodegradation
Introduction The usage of animal’s raw hides for their exceptional features is an ancient human civilization act. These features primarily attributed with dense network of collagen fibers and their molecular cross-links. Besides protein (i.e., collagen), animal Communicated by Erko stackebrandt. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-02047-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Majher I. Sarker [email protected] 1
Sustainable Biofuels and Co‑Products Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
hides also contain appreciable amount of water and minor quantity of fat, salts and other contents, ultimately provide an appropriate medium for the diverse microbial growth (Highberger 1956; Hien 2006). Owing to higher amount of protein and water contents, the animal hides undergo the purification event. Therefore, the salt-curing protocol is used to hinder the diverse microbial activities and eventually lead to
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