Synthesis and microstructure of electrodeposited and sputtered nanotwinned face-centered-cubic metals
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Introduction Nanotwinned (NT) metals are a class of metallic materials with microstructures dominated by twin boundaries (TBs) spaced less than 100 nm. Compared to conventional grain boundaries (GBs), TBs have higher symmetry and lower energy, sometimes resulting in unique behaviors. NT metals show high strength while preserving ductility,1–4 good work-hardening ability,5 good electrical conductivity,2,6 and improved resistance to electromigration7 and corrosion.8 These properties arise directly from the properties of TBs, and are distinct from those of nanocrystalline metals9 (grain size
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