Systematic imaging in medicine: a comprehensive review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Systematic imaging in medicine: a comprehensive review Kai Zhang 1,2 & Yujie Sun 3 & Shuang Wu 1 & Min Zhou 1,4 & Xiaohui Zhang 1 & Rui Zhou 1 & Tingting Zhang 1 & Yuanxue Gao 1 & Ting Chen 1 & Yao Chen 1 & Xin Yao 5 & Yasuyoshi Watanabe 2 & Mei Tian 1 & Hong Zhang 1,6,7 Received: 20 September 2020 / Accepted: 8 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Systematic imaging can be broadly defined as the systematic identification and characterization of biological processes at multiple scales and levels. In contrast to “classical” diagnostic imaging, systematic imaging emphasizes on detecting the overall abnormalities including molecular, functional, and structural alterations occurring during disease course in a systematic manner, rather than just one aspect in a partial manner. Concomitant efforts including improvement of imaging instruments, development of novel imaging agents, and advancement of artificial intelligence are warranted for achievement of systematic imaging. It is undeniable that scientists and radiologists will play a predominant role in directing this burgeoning field. This article introduces several recent developments in imaging modalities and nanoparticles-based imaging agents, and discusses how systematic imaging can be achieved. In the near future, systematic imaging which combines multiple imaging modalities with multimodal imaging agents will pave a new avenue for comprehensive characterization of diseases, successful achievement of image-guided therapy, precise evaluation of therapeutic effects, and rapid development of novel pharmaceuticals, with the final goal of improving human health-related outcomes. Keywords Systematic imaging . Multimodality . Nanoparticle . Imaging agent . Artificial intelligence
Introduction Accompanied with the dramatic evolution of biological science and computer technology, substantial imaging modalities have sprung up and been increasingly applied in both experimental and clinical medicine. Overall information of individuals including structural, functional, and molecular changes
obtained via systematic imaging is indispensable for achieving precise medicine. Over the past decades, however, special focus has been paid on the visualization of molecular changes through molecular imaging, which is defined as the non-invasive, real-time visualization of biological processes at the cellular and molecular level in vivo [1]. Diverse molecular imaging modalities, particularly positron emission tomography
Kai Zhang, Yujie Sun and Shuang Wu contributed equally to this work. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Letter to the Editor. * Yasuyoshi Watanabe [email protected] * Mei Tian [email protected] * Hong Zhang [email protected] 1
2
Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 6-
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