T1 Relaxation (Longitudinal or Spin-Lattice Relaxation)
This type of relaxation results in the restoration of longitudinal magnetization (Mz), as there is a transfer of energy from the spins to their environment (lattice). The 90° pulses (β) keep the entire bulk magnetization M on the xy plane, i.e., Mz = 0. W
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Haris S. Chrysikopoulos
Clinical MR Imaging and Physics A Tutorial
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Haris S. Chrysikopoulos, MD EuroDiagnosis Imaging Center 8th Parodos Ioannou Theotoki 49100 Corfu Greece E mail: [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-540-77999-5 e-ISBN 978-3-540-78023-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-78023-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939383 © 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad-casting, reproduction on microfilm or any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in it current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registed names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: the publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, eStudio Calamar, Spain Reproduction, typesetting and production: le-tex publishing services oHG, Leipzig, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 987654321 springer.com
Prologue
Το λακωνίζειν εστί φιλοσοφείν1 To laconizein esti philosophein This text was written for all health care professionals who would like a concise introduction to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The author’s intention is to provide a tutorial-like presentation with emphasis on the underlying physics. Practical considerations, which are useful for routine clinical work, are distilled in the last chapter. The phenomena of MR are varied, complex, and interrelated. The number of MR techniques, methods, and clinical applications is ever increasing. Thus, any presentation of sufficient detail runs the risk of “overwhelming” the reader. To overcome this danger, I sought a minimalistic approach, both in content and in form. Where applicable, concepts have been simplified and several topics have been omitted or underrepresented (such as artifacts, contrast agents, etc.). Most of the cases presented have been proven by surgery/histopathology or are based on compelling clinical, laboratory, and radiologic data. A few cases, without solid proof, have been labeled with the most likely (presumptive) diagnosis. Most of the illustrations were obtained using a 1.0 T system. Interested readers should consult standard sources for integrated and detailed exposure to the physics, techniques, and applications of MR and a treatise on
“Behaving like Lakon (ancient Spartan) is an exercise in ph
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