Tacticity, Regio and Stereoregularity
This chapter focus on the polypropylene tacticity. The stereoregularity and regioregularity of the processes catalyzed by heterogeneous and homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts are discussed. The amazing variety of molecular architectures available for pol
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Tacticity, Regio and Stereoregularity Giovanni Talarico, Claudio De Rosa and Finizia Auriemma
Contents 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
Introduction........................................................................................................................ Definition and Nomenclature ............................................................................................ 13 C NMR of Polypropylenes ............................................................................................ Steric Defects in PP and Models for Stereocontrol.......................................................... Regio Defects in PP and Models for Regiocontrol .......................................................... Heterogeneous Versus Homogeneous ZN Catalysts ........................................................ Further Techniques for Polypropylene Tacticity Analysis ............................................... Polypropylene Microstructures Obtained by Non-metallocene Ligands and by Late Transition Metal................................................................................................... 1.9 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................................................... References ..................................................................................................................................
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Abstract This chapter focus on the polypropylene tacticity. The stereoregularity and regioregularity of the processes catalyzed by heterogeneous and homogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts are discussed. The amazing variety of molecular architectures available for polypropylene-based materials are summarized together with the catalytic mechanisms for tacticity control. The main techniques applied for the determination of PP tacticity are reported as well as the outstanding development of new catalyst systems able to achieve unprecedented PP microstructures.
1.1
Introduction
The outstanding performances of polypropylene (PP) market grow continuously and hide the old age of PP which is over sixty. Since the first catalytic synthesis of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) computed in 1954 by using Ziegler catalyst combination G. Talarico (&) C. De Rosa F. Auriemma Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S’Angelo, Via Cintia, 80124 Naples, Italy e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 J. Karger-Kocsis and T. Bárány (eds.), Polypropylene Handbook, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12903-3_1
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TiCl4/Al(C2H5)3 and fractionating the resulting polymer to obtain iPP [1, 2], the global demand growth of iPP continues to be led and is expected to increase from 60 million tons in 2015 to 120 million tons by 2030. The Compound Annual Growth rate (CAGR) is estimated of 5.02% for the forecasted period [3], and the PP market is the second largest polymer business in the world (polyethylene, PE, being the first) making up more
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