The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae): temporal dynamics and susceptibility to e
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae): temporal dynamics and susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi in East Africa Owusu Fordjour Aidoo 1,2,3 & C. M. Tanga 1 & S. A. Mohamed 1 & F. M. Khamis 1 & S. Opisa 1 & B. A. Rasowo 1,2 & J. W. Kimemia 1 & J. Ambajo 1 & M. Sétamou 4 & S. Ekesi 1 & C. Borgemeister 2 Received: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is the most destructive citrus pest. Presently, biological data on T. erytreae are insufficient for important parameters like distribution, seasonal dynamics and entomopathogens. Therefore, we determined the temporal dynamics of T. erytreae along three different altitudinal gradients in Kenya. In low altitudes, females of T. erytreae reactivated and started laying eggs between late February and early March. The mean monthly number of immature stages of T. erytreae per flush shoot peaked in February, whereas adults peaked in March. For mid-altitudes, T. erytreae mean populations peaked in February, but adults were already present in December. In high altitudes, adults appeared in June, and females began laying eggs. Trioza erytreae population densities in shaded trees positively and significantly correlated with unshaded trees. There was a significant difference between adult density and maximum temperature, average temperature, solar radiation, evaporation and dew point. Furthermore, this study evaluated the effects of 11 Metarhizium anisopliae and 4 Beauveria bassiana fungal isolates against adult T. erytreae under laboratory conditions. Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 18 and ICIPE 69 were the most potent isolates, causing 97.5% and 82.5% mortalities within the shortest LT50 time of 4.4 and 5.9 days, respectively. The presence of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae) on Zanthozylum capense requires further investigation. Our findings provide relevant information for early detection, monitoring and developing biopesticides against the pest. Keywords African citrus triozid . Biological control . Citrus . Entomopathogens . Synthetic pesticides
Introduction Environmental, biological (including pests and diseases) and socio-economic factors are major constraints to Kenya’s citrus M. Sétamou, S. Ekesi and C. Borgemeister contributed equally to this work. * Owusu Fordjour Aidoo [email protected] 1
International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P. O. Box 30772, Nairobi GPO 00100, Kenya
2
Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
3
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), P. O. Box 245, Sekondi, W/R, Ghana
4
Texas A & M University Kingsville, Citrus Center, 312 N. International Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78599, USA
industry (Kilalo et al. 2009), with arthropod pests and diseases as the main challenge, of which the African citrus triozid (ACT) Trioza erytreae Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is the most damaging pest (Ekesi 201
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