The design of a resilient and sustainable maximal covering closed-loop supply chain network under hybrid uncertainties:
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The design of a resilient and sustainable maximal covering closed‑loop supply chain network under hybrid uncertainties: a case study in tire industry Mohamadreza Fazli‑Khalaf1 · Bahman Naderi1 · Mohammad Mohammadi1 · Mir Saman Pishvaee2 Received: 24 September 2019 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This paper aims at designing a sustainable and resilient tire closed-loop supply chain network based on a real case study in Iran. To immune the network against disruptions, a new resiliency approach is proposed by extending efficient demand coverage plans. The developed model includes four objectives. The first objective minimizes the total costs of the network along with maximizing the coverage of customers’ demand. As a new concept, the second objective maximizes the operational reliability of facilities to extend a consistent and responsive tire supply chain. Also, to design a sustainable network, the third objective function minimizes CO2 emissions in the strategic and tactical planning horizons. Moreover, the fourth objective maximizes the social responsibility of the network via introducing new social factors. A new mixed fuzzy possibilistic flexible programming method is also proposed to handle constraints’ violations and parameters’ uncertainty. Outputs confirm the accurate performance of the extended model and ensure its applicability in the real-world case study. Keywords Sustainability · Resiliency · Tire supply chain · Uncertainty
1 Introduction Nowadays, end-of-life (EOL) tires are regarded as one of the most hazardous residues for the natural environment and health of human beings. Tires are made from polyamide yarn, granule and steel wires that are non-biodegradable. To get rid of EOL tires, there are some alternatives such as firing, landfilling, recycling and retreading. Firing the tires emits harmful gases. Also, landfilling the EOL tires contaminates the soil and causes irreversible adverse environmental impacts (Sasikumar et al. 2010; Subulan et al. 2015). The best alternatives are retreading and recycling of EOL tires because they help to save natural * Bahman Naderi [email protected] 1
Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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School of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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resources for future generations and return the tires to the production and consumption cycles (Pedram et al. 2017). Accordingly, designing closed-loop tire supply chains (TSCs) for integrating the production and recycling of tires is vital in the current era. To persuade the customers to buy the domestically produced tires, tire manufacturers should consider the sustainability factors in the design of TSCs. They should maximize the greenness of their networks by minimizing CO2 emissions of the network processes. This prevents the ozone layer depletion, makes the air cleaner and improves the social image of the manufacturers (Pedram et al. 20
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