The Development and Growth of Non-Governmental Conservation in Peru: Privately and Communally Protected Areas
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The Development and Growth of Non-Governmental Conservation in Peru: Privately and Communally Protected Areas Sam Shanee 1 & Noga Shanee 2 & Will Lock 3
&
Maria Jose Espejo-Uribe 1,4
Accepted: 11 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract While legislation for the creation of protected areas in Peru has existed since the 1960s, legislation relating to privately and/or communally protected areas (PCPAs) dates only to the early 2000s, from which point the number of PCPAs has grown rapidly. We examine the growth of PCPAs in Peru, the laws key to their creation, and the actors who have shaped them, highlighting where national-level data obscures local dynamics that have driven or sustained their growth. Combined with ethnographic research in the region of San Martín, we show that while PCPAs have spread through processes of conservation contagion, increasing legal and economic requirements, lack of support, and negative interactions with state agents are discouraging local conservationists. At the same time, the promotion of conservation as an economic opportunity is encouraging foreign interest in developing market-based projects, risking increasing exclusion of local populations and ongoing sustainability of PCPAs in Peru. Keywords Conservation contagion . Privately protected areas . Private reserves . Protected areas . Community conservation . San Martín, Peru
Introduction Peru’s high levels of species diversity and endemism make it a mega-diverse country and conservation priority. Accordingly, the number and coverage of Protected Areas (PAs) in the country has increased considerably in Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00188-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Will Lock [email protected] Sam Shanee [email protected]; [email protected] Noga Shanee [email protected] Maria Jose Espejo-Uribe [email protected] 1
Neotropical Primate Conservation, Windrush, Looe Hill, Seaton, Torpoint, Cornwall PL11 3JQ, UK
2
Reclaim Conservation, Manchester, UK
3
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
4
Grupo Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética, Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
recent years (UNEP-WCMC 2014; Shanee et al. 2017). Rates of habitat loss across Peru are high and increasing, with most forest loss occurring outside of PAs and indigenous lands (Llactayo et al. 2013a, 2013b; IBC 2016; Schleicher et al. 2017). This habitat loss is fuelled by the expansion of agricultural and extractive frontiers to feed growing national and international markets, facilitated by inefficiencies in governmental control, corruption, and contradictory policies (Dávalos et al. 2016; Shanee and Shanee 2016; Pendrill et al. 2019). While PAs, in their diverse interpretations, still form the backbone of most conservation strategies, Privately Protected Areas (PPAs) have emerged in recent years following a general trend towards non-governmental actors in conservation and forest manage
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