The Development of Silicon Carbide Based Electrode Devices for Central Nervous System Biomedical Implants
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The Development of Silicon Carbide Based Electrode Devices for Central Nervous System Biomedical Implants Christopher L. Frewin1,2,a, Alexandra Oliveros1, Christopher Locke1, Irina Filonova3, Justin Rogers3, Edwin Weeber2,3and Stephen E. Saddow1,2 1
Electrical Engineering Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA Florida Center of Excellence for Biomolecular Identification and Targeted Therapeutics (FCoEBITT), University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA 3 Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Department, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA 2
a
[email protected]
Abstract Brain machine interface (BMI) technology has been demonstrated to be a therapeutic solution for assisting people suffering from damage to the central nervous system (CNS), but BMI devices using implantable neural prosthetics have experienced difficulties in that they are recognized by glial cells as being foreign material, which leads to an immune response cascade process called gliosis. One material, cubic silicon carbide (3C-SiC), may provide an excellent solution for the generation of an implantable neural prosthetic interface component of a BMI system. We have recently reported on the biocompatibility of 3C-SiC with immortalized cells, and have extended this work by demonstrating neural cell action potential instigation via an electrode type device. Biocompatibility assessment of 3C-SiC was accomplished using in vitro methodology. 96 hour MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays were performed to determine neural cell viability. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to quantify attached cell morphology and determine lamellipodia/ filopodia interaction with the surface of the semiconductor. It was seen that neurons show excellent viability, cell morphology, and good lamellipodia/ filopodia permissiveness when interacting with 3C-SiC. A neuronal activation device (NAD), based on the planar Michigan microelectrode probe, was constructed from 3C-SiC with the goal of activating an action potential within a neuron. In order to illicit an action potential, neurons were seeded on the NAD device and then they were subjected to a biphasic square pulse signal. Successful action potential activation was recorded through the use of Rhod-2, a Ca2+ sensitive fluorescent dye. Based on these results, 3C-SiC may be an excellent material platform for neural prosthetics. Introduction The brain machine interface, or BMI, is the result of many years of interdisciplinary research between the physical and medical sciences. These devices have shown that they can successfully intercept signals from the brain, interpret these signals, and use the interpretation to provide control of machines ranging from computers to robotic prosthetics designed for limb replacement [1, 2]. Implantable BMI devices allow the possibility of bi-directional communication as they are in direct or close contact with the neuron cell membranes which enables transmission of electrical signals directly
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