The Environmental Root Causes Triggering Economic Migration: The Case of Egypt
Egypt covers a total area of about 1 million km², most of which experiences arid and hyper-arid climatic conditions.
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Tamer Afifi
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Jill Ja¨ger
Editors
Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability
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Editors Dr. Tamer Afifi United Nations University Inst. Environment Human Security (UNU-EHS) Hermann-Ehlers-Str. 10 53113 Bonn Germany [email protected]
Dr. Jill Ja¨ger Independent Scholar Arbeiterstrandstrasse 61 1210 Vienna Austria [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-12415-0 e-ISBN 978-3-642-12416-7 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12416-7 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930718 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Foreword
This book is one of the outputs of the conference on ‘Environmental Change, Forced Migration, and Social Vulnerability’ (EFMSV) held in Bonn in October 2008. Migration is one of the oldest adaptation measures of humanity. Indeed, without migration the multitude of civilizations and interactions between them – peaceful and otherwise – would be hard to imagine. The United Nations (UN)-led global dialogue on migration is a clear sign that governments and the specialized UN agencies and bodies have recognized the need to view, govern, manage, and facilitate migration; to mitigate its negative effects; and to capitalize on the positive ones. It is a common expectation among experts that environmentally induced migration will further increase in the decades to come. Hence, next to the political, economic, ethnic, social, financial, humanitarian, and security aspects of migration, the environmental component should urgently be considered in the ongoing international dialogue on migration. This need is also a challenge. Without appropriate scientific knowledge, assessment, definitions, and classifications, the intergovernmental frameworks would not be able to deal with these complex phenomena. The Five-Pronged-Approach as formulated by the United Nations University (UNU) may serve as a framework to identify the additional dimensions of this challenge next to – and actually simultaneously with – the scientific one. The five complementary measures – awareness raising, legal framework of recogniti
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