The Family Vibrionaceae
The family Vibrionaceae contains a variety of very important organisms (Table 1 ). The type genus for the family is Vibrio and the type species is Vibrio cholerae, an organism that has killed millions of people during numerous devastating epidemics of cho
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The Family Vibrionaceae J. J. FARMER III
The family Vibrionaceae contains a variety of very important organisms (Table 1). The type genus for the family is Vibrio and the type species is Vibrio cholerae, an organism that has killed millions of people during numerous devastating epidemics of cholera that terrorized most parts of the world. The family Vibrionaceae includes several species that cause intestinal tract and extraintestinal infections in both humans and animals. Many of the species of Vibrionaceae are widely distributed in the environment, where they contribute to the cycling of organic and inorganic compounds. Species of Vibrionaceae have also been widely used in physiological, biochemical, molecular biology, and pathogenicity studies (Baumann and Baumann, 1981; Baumann and Schubert, 1984; Hastings and Nealson, 1981). There are many literature citations for some of the species, but only a few for others (Table 1).
History, Nomenclature, and Classification Formation of the Family in 1965 In the seventh edition of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Breed et al., 1957), the vibrios and related fermentative bacteria were split into a number of families (Table 2). The name Vibrionaceae was formally proposed in 1965 by Véron (Véron, 1965) as a convenient grouping for fermentative bacteria that have polar flagella and a positive oxidase reaction. One year previously, Eddy and Carpenter (1964) had also noted the similarities of Aeromonas, Plesiomonas, and Vibrio and thought they should not be split between the families Pseudomonadaceae and Spirillaceae (Table 2). They stated, “the creations of a new family, possibly named Vibrionaceae, might well be justified for these organisms.” This was a suggestion rather than a formal proposal, thus the name “Vibrionaceae (Eddy and Carpenter 1964)” had no standing in nomenclature. However the name Vibrionaceae was formally proposed a year later and “Vibrionaceae (Véron 1965)” does have standing in nomenclature. This classification This chapter was taken unchanged from the second edition.
allowed the clear differentiation of Vibrionaceae from the closely related family Enterobacteriaceae, whose members differ in being oxidase negative and having peritrichous flagella (Table 3). Until the proposal by Véron, the genera and species of Vibrionaceae were scattered among a number of different bacterial orders and families (Table 2) (Breed et al., 1957). In this and many other early classifications, cellular morphology was of prime importance in assigning species to genera and families (Buchanan et al., 1966; Buchanan and Gibbons 1974; Campbell, 1957; Gibson et al., 1977; Hendrie et al., 1970; Shewan et al., 1960; Subcommittee, 1966, 1972). Organisms with a curved shape were often classified together as “vibrios” or “Vibrio species,” regardless of their other properties. This allowed anaerobic vibrios such as Vibrio succinogenes, microaerophilic vibrios such as V. fetus, and nonfermentative vibrios such as V. psychroerythrus to b
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