The Hygiene Hypothesis
Over the past decades, an increase of the prevalence of allergic diseases has been observed in Western countries. The hygiene hypothesis proposes that viral, bacterial, or helminth infections; environments with high levels of microbial components, such as
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The Hygiene Hypothesis Caroline Roduit, Remo Frei, Erika von Mutius, and Roger Lauener
Contents 4.1 4.2 4.3
Introduction .................................................................................................................... Infection ......................................................................................................................... Farming Environment .................................................................................................... 4.3.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 4.3.2 Prenatal Exposure and the Immune System....................................................... 4.3.3 Exposures Later in Life and the Immune System .............................................. 4.3.4 Genes, Gene-Environment Interactions, and Epigenetics .................................. 4.4 Helminths and Immune Responses ................................................................................ 4.4.1 Background ........................................................................................................ 4.4.2 Allergy and Asthma ........................................................................................... 4.4.3 Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disease ........................................................... 4.5 Outlook .......................................................................................................................... 4.5.1 Diversity of Environmental Factors ................................................................... 4.5.2 The Role of Nutrition ......................................................................................... 4.5.3 Innate Lymphoid Cells ....................................................................................... 4.5.4 The Microbiota................................................................................................... 4.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... References ...............................................................................................................................
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C. Roduit (*) Department of Allergy/Immunology, Children’s Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Department of Allergy/Immunology, Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland e-mail: [email protected] R. Frei Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland E. von Mutius Department of Asthma and Allergy, Dr von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany R. Lauener Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St. Gallen, Switzerland © Springer-Verlag Wien 20
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