The Kurds Ascending The Evolving Solution to the Kurdish Problem in
This is the first book to be primarily directed at analyzing the evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey. Although this solution remains cautiously fragile, it does represent a strikingly positive future that until recently seemed so b
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THE KURDS ASCENDING THE EVOLVING SOLUTION TO THE KURDISH PROBLEM IN IRAQ AND TURKEY MICHAEL M. GUNTER
THE KURDS ASCENDING
Copyright © Michael M. Gunter, 2008. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2008 978-0-230-60370-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2008 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-0-230-11287-2
ISBN 978-0-230-33894-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230338944 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gunter, Michael M. The Kurds ascending : the evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey / Michael M. Gunter. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Kurds—Iraq—Politics and government—21st century. 2. Kurds— Turkey—Politics and government—21st century. I. Title. DS70.8.K8G858 2007 323.1191⬘5970561—dc22
2007015282
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: January 2008 10
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To my many students at Tennessee Technological University and elsewhere
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CONTENTS
Introduction List of Abbreviations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Historical Overview The Iraqi Kurds’ Federalism Imperative The Changing Dynamics in the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq After Ocalan’s Capture Turkey’s EU Promise Taming Turkey’s Deep State The Other Kurds in Iran and Syria Conclusion
Notes Select Bibliography Index
ix xiii 1 19 35 59 93 107 131 137 139 161 171
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INTRODUCTION
F
or the first time in their modern history, the Kurds in Iraq and Turkey, at least, are cautiously ascending. This is because of two major reasons. (1) In northern Iraq the two U.S. wars against Saddam Hussein have had the fortuitous side effect of helping to create a Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). The KRG has become an island of democratic stability, peace, and burgeoning economic progress, as well as an autonomous part of a projected federal, democratic, post–Saddam Hussein Iraq. If such an Iraq proves impossible to construct, as it well may, the KRG is positioned to become independent. Either way, the evolution of a solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq is clear. (2) Furthermore, Turkey’s successful European Union (EU) candidacy would have the additional fortuitous side effect of granting that country’s ethnic Kurds their full democratic rig
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