The neural mechanisms of immediate and follow-up of the treatment effect of hypnosis on smoking craving
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The neural mechanisms of immediate and follow-up of the treatment effect of hypnosis on smoking craving Xiaoming Li 1 & Lijun Chen 2,3,4 & Ru Ma 2 & Haibao Wang 5 & Li Wan 2 & Junjie Bu 2 & Wei Hong 2 & Wanwan Lv 2 & Yihong Yang 6 & Hengyi Rao 7 & Xiaochu Zhang 2,8,9,10
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Hypnosis has a therapeutic effect on substance dependence. However, its neural basis remains unclear, which impedes its further clinical applications. This study investigated the mechanisms of smoking treatment based on hypnosis from two perspectives: immediate and follow-up effects. Twenty-four smokers screened from 132 volunteers underwent hypnosis suggestion and performed a smoking-related cue task twice during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning (in normal and hypnotic states). The number of cigarettes smoked per day was recorded at follow-up visits. The smokers reported decreased craving after hypnosis. The activations in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC), the left insula and the right middle frontal gyrus (rMFG), and the functional connectivity between the rDLPFC and the left insula were increased in the hypnotic state. The reduced craving was related to the DLPFC-insula network, which reflected the immediate mechanism of hypnosis on smoking. The number of cigarette use at the 1-week and 1 month follow-up was correlated with the rMFG activation which reflecting hypnotic depth, suggesting the follow-up effect of hypnosis on smoking depended on the trait of smokers. We identified two different mechanisms of hypnosis effect on smoking, which have important implications for design and optimization of hypnotic treatments on mental disorders. Keywords Hypnosis . Hypnotic aversion suggestion . Hypnotherapy . Smoking craving . fMRI . Nicotine addiction
Introduction Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of preventable diseases worldwide and is responsible for 5.4 million deaths
per year (World Health Organization, WHO 2013). Craving is a subjective experience of a desire or intense need for substance use (American Psychiatric Association 2013). Craving is likely to arise when smokers are exposed
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00072-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Haibao Wang [email protected] * Xiaochu Zhang [email protected]
5
Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China
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Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
1
Department of Medical Psychology, Chaohu Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
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Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2
Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, U
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