The protective effect of Sophora japonica on prostatic hypertrophy and inflammation in rat
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Inflammopharmacology
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The protective effect of Sophora japonica on prostatic hypertrophy and inflammation in rat Ahmed Elberry1 · Shagufta Mufti2 · Jaudah Al‑Maghrabi3 · Salah Ghareib4 · Hisham Mosli5 · Ali El‑Halawany6 · Essam Abdel‑Sattar6 Received: 20 April 2020 / Accepted: 11 May 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is invariably an incidental histological change, with no clinical findings specific for its diagnosis, and the mean patient age at diagnosis is 64–70 years. The incidence of AAH varies between 1.5 and 19.6% of transurethral resections and in up to 33% of radical prostatectomies. Herbal medicines are becoming a popular option in the treatment of prostatic-related diseases, such as date palm pollen and saw palmetto in the treatment of prostatic hyperplasia. A testosterone/citral-induced AAH in Wistar rat model was used to evaluate the protective effect of Sophora japonica fruit extract (SFE). The present study suggests that SFE has an ameliorating effect on the prostatic hypertrophy and inflammation through its effect on clusterin, IGF, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 expression. In addition, the administration of SFE ameliorated the inflammatory score, and histopathological changes in AAH-induced rats in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment with SFE reduced the number of prostatic acini in AAH rat model and decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The fruit extract of S. japonica was characterized by determination total phenol content (60.3 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dry extract), total flavonoid content (97.9 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract) and the major isoflavonoid sophoricoside (302.9 ± 2.6 µg/g of the extract). In conclusion, SFE has an ameliorating effect on the prostatic hypertrophy and inflammation. This effect may be attributed to the ability of SFE to decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β and IGF-1 as well as an increase in TGF-β1. Keywords Sophora japonica · Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia · Prostatic hypertrophy · Pro-inflammatory cytokines · TGF-β1 expression
Introduction Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is a pseudoneoplastic lesion that can be confused with prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC) and characterized by the proliferation of small Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00723-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
glands in the prostate with imbalance between prostate cell growth and apoptosis (Montironi et al. 2007; Sciarra et al. 2008). It is considered as an intermediate lesion between benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and PAC (Bostwick et al. 1993). The AAH is invariably an incidental histological finding, and there are no clinical findings specific for it and the mean patient age at diagnosis is 64–70 years (Humphrey 2012). The incidence of AAH varies between 1.5 and 19.6% of transurethral resections and in up to 33% of radic
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