The Role of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Metabolic Control of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Revie
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Several studies demonstrated that foods typical of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), including vegetables, fruits,
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The Role of the Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Metabolic Control of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review Jéssica Abdo Gonçalves Tosatti, Michelle Teodoro Alves, and Karina Braga Gomes Abstract
Keywords
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Several studies demonstrated that foods typical of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), including vegetables, fruits, oilseeds, extra virgin olive oil and fish, can promote health benefits for individuals at risk of or with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In this review, we summarised randomised clinical trials, cohort studies, meta-analyses and systematic reviews that evaluated the effects of the MedDiet on metabolic control of T2DM. The data suggest that the MedDiet influences cardiovascular risk factors, including blood pressure, lipid profile, insulin resistance, inflammation and glucose metabolism, in T2DM patients. In conclusion, the MedDiet appears to protect patients from macro- and microangiopathy and should be considering in the management of diabetic patients.
Cardiovascular disease · Diabetes mellitus · Diabetic complications · Mediterranean diet
J. A. G. Tosatti, M. T. Alves, and K. B. Gomes (*) Clinical and Toxicological Analyzes Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
Abbreviations ADA CRP CVD DKD DM EPIC GLUT-4 HbA1c HDL-c IL-6 LDL MedDiet T1DM T2DM TNF-α
American Diabetes Association C-reactive protein Cardiovascular disease Diabetic kidney disease Diabetes mellitus European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition Glucose transporter type 4 Glycated hemoglobin High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Interleukin-6 Low-density lipoprotein Mediterranean diet Type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 2 diabetes mellitus Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
J. A. G. Tosatti et al.
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Introduction
The term diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia in the absence of treatment (World Health Organization 2019). The heterogeneous etiopathology of DM includes failure in insulin secretion and/or action and changes in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (Silva et al. 2009). In 2014, it was estimated that 422 million adults lived with DM. Besides, without interventions to halt the increase in diabetes, there will be at least 629 million people living with diabetes by 2045 (World Health Organization 2019). Indeed, it is estimated that a significant percentage of DM cases (30–80%, depending on the country) are undiagnosed (International Diabetes Federation 2017). DM is commonly associated with, among other factors, changes in dietary patterns, such as increased consumption of ultra-processed foods and sugary drinks, as well as low consumption of fruits, vegetables and fibre, besides an unhealthy li
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