The Science and Dangers of Outer Space

This chapter examines the outer space environment and specifically the dangers of long-term flight, focusing on manned missions. Threats due to space debris and the effects of different types of radiation are examined. The effects of microgravity on human

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THE POLITICS AND PERILS OF SPACE EXPLORATION Who Will Compete, Who Will Dominate? Second Edition

The Politics and Perils of Space Exploration Who Will Compete, Who Will Dominate?

Linda Dawson

The Politics and Perils of Space Exploration Who Will Compete, Who Will Dominate? Second Edition

Linda Dawson Senior Lecturer Emeritus University of Washington Tacoma, WA, USA

SPRINGER-PRAXIS BOOKS IN SPACE EXPLORATION Space Exploration Springer Praxis Books ISBN 978-3-030-56834-4    ISBN 978-3-030-56835-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56835-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2017, 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To the great pioneers of aviation and space; to my grandparents-immigrants and adventurers to a new world.

Preface

At a small observatory in New Hampshire, I was a young girl on a day trip with my family when I heard an eerie-sounding “beep, beep, beep.” I was told it was coming from a manmade satellite passing overhead. It was an exciting event to hear an object orbiting above us. It was a Soviet satellite. From listening to the news every day, I knew who the Soviets were and about the conflict with America, including the threat of a nuclear war. To find out that the Soviets were first in space was confusing and disappointing, but I was filled with excitement for the beginning of the Space Age. My enthusiasm for all things space continued for years and inspired me to study aerospace engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The race to the Moon fueled my enthusiasm and helped me succeed through the difficult engineering curriculum at MIT, George Washington University, and the University of Washington. My first visit to Cape Canavera