The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review
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REVIEW
Open Access
The use of induced pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals: a narrative review Rachel A. Scarfone1† , Samantha M. Pena1†, Keith A. Russell1, Dean H. Betts2 and Thomas G. Koch1*
Abstract Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are undifferentiated stem cells characterized by the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. iPSCs are a relatively new and rapidly developing technology in many fields of biology, including developmental anatomy and physiology, pathology, and toxicology. These cells have great potential in research as they are self-renewing and pluripotent with minimal ethical concerns. Protocols for their production have been developed for many domestic animal species, which have since been used to further our knowledge in the progression and treatment of diseases. This research is valuable both for veterinary medicine as well as for the prospect of translation to human medicine. Safety, cost, and feasibility are potential barriers for this technology that must be considered before widespread clinical adoption. This review will analyze the literature pertaining to iPSCs derived from various domestic species with a focus on iPSC production and characterization, applications for tissue and disease research, and applications for disease treatment. Keywords: Induced pluripotent stem cells, Domestic species, Veterinary medicine, Production, Characterization, Disease modelling, Disease treatment
Background Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are laboratorydeveloped pluripotent stem cells generated by the reprogramming of differentiated cells [1]. Takahashi and Yamanaka first discovered somatic cells’ capacity for reprogramming in 2006 after forcing differentiated fibroblast cells to ectopically express four transcription factors associated with pluripotency: Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, collectively referred to as OSKM [1, 2]. iPSCs have since been of interest to researchers in the fields of toxicology, pathology, virology, developmental anatomy and physiology, amongst others [3–5]. iPSCs possess several benefits over other stem cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In the context of this review, the term mesenchymal stromal cells has been adopted over * Correspondence: [email protected] † Rachel A. Scarfone and Samantha M. Pena contributed equally to this work. 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
mesenchymal stem cells due to the finite self-renewing property of MSCs that does not support the traditionally recognized self-renewing characteristic of stem cells [6]. The versatility of iPSCs may make them preferential over MSCs that are limited in their differentiation potential due to their multipotent nature [7–9]. ESCs offer a similar versatility to iPSCs as they are both pluripotent, but not without limitations [8]. ESCs can be obtained from in vivo
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