Theoretical and experimental investigation of a portable electrocardiograph adapted for low-income countries
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Theoretical and experimental investigation of a portable electrocardiograph adapted for low-income countries Pascalin Tiam Kapen 1,2,3 & Serge Urbain Kouam Kouam 1,2 & Celeo Baldry Tchatchouang Tchoupo 3 & Ghislain Tchuen 1,2 Received: 22 September 2019 / Accepted: 24 April 2020 # IUPESM and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This paper investigates the design, prototyping and experimental validation of a low-cost portable electrocardiograph made of standard electronic components. Indeed, the AD8232 and Arduino Nano board were used for the signal acquisition and digitization respectively. The electrocardiogram (ECG) signals obtained were visualized on a PC or an Android phone screen. The present portable electrocardiograph was used for the ECG signal acquisition of two anonymous patients (a healthy patient and pathological patient) in a Cameroonian hospital. The results were compared with the synthetic ECG and the one of the MIT database. They were in a good agreement and were also validated by a cardiologist as a promising solution for developing countries. Keywords Portable electrocardiograph . ECG signal acquisition . ECG signal digitization . Arduino Nano microcontroller
1 Introduction According to World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the number 1 cause of death globally, taking an estimated 17.9 million lives each year in the world [1]. Despite many therapeutic advances, drug and non-drug, they remain serious pathologies with a mortality at one year of up to 40% after hospitalization [2]. Sub-Saharan Africa, in the midst of an epidemiological transition, is not on the sidelines. Here, CVD represent the second cause of death [3]. The WHO estimated that by 2020, the morbidity and mortality of CVD in this region will have doubled with a relatively young target population and an expected socio-economic impact [3]. In Gabon, a program to eradicate non-communicable diseases was created in 2011 and focused on the fight against diabetes, and essential risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.
* Pascalin Tiam Kapen [email protected] 1
URISIE, University Institute of Technology Fotso Victor, University of Dschang, P.O Box 134, Bandjoun, Cameroon
2
UR2MSP, Department of Physics, University of Dschang, P.O Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
3
BEEMo. Lab., Higher Institute of Science and Technology, Université des Montagnes, P.O Box 208, Bangangte, Cameroon
However, the development of control strategies must take into account the characteristics of populations. In addition, many epidemiological [3], cultural [4], economic [5] and genetic [6] factors participated in the installation and severity of cardiovascular diseases. Since there is a need of primary healthcare for disadvantaged populations in low-income countries, locally developed medical devices started to be manufactured [7]. Several attempts to design ECG acquisition systems occurred in the past [8–11]. According to the World Health Organization in 2017 [12], 80% of the medical devi
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