Three-dimensional Positioning in 3GPP Wireless Networks with Small Cells with Barometric Pressure Sensor
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Three-dimensional Positioning in 3GPP Wireless Networks with Small Cells with Barometric Pressure Sensor Shin-Lin Shieh1 · Chih-Hao Tang2,3 · Po-Hsuan Tseng2 Received: 1 November 2019 / Revised: 16 May 2020 / Accepted: 8 June 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The US federal communications commission announced new location accuracy requirements for emergency calls. To examine these requirements, we first establish a 3GPP system-level simulator and calibrate its performance for radio access technology-dependent techniques. After considering the 3D channel model, we test and conclude that existing technologies fail to satisfy the indoor vertical accuracy requirement. Therefore, we propose a two-step least-square estimator that adopts a barometric pressure sensor (BPS) to measure the altitude above sea level. The use of BPS improves accuracy for both vertical and horizontal aspects. The positioning performance of both outdoor and indoor user equipment (UE) is simulated, and the results demonstrate that 67% of UE can be localized within 18-m horizontal and 3-m vertical accuracy with 10 small cells. The improved vertical accuracy obtained by the proposed method can be beneficial to UAV communication. Keywords 3D location estimation · 3GPP localization simulator · Observed time difference of arrival · Positioning reference signals
1 Introduction Wireless location technology is used to estimate the location of mobile devices. A popular and accurate positioning technology is the global positioning system (GPS); however, when a GPS signal is blocked by, for example, surrounding buildings, the positioning accuracy deteriorates significantly. In environments where the GPS signal is weak or blocked, an alternative positioning technique is important for providing robust location accuracy. According to the US federal communications commission (FCC) regulatory requirements [1], 67% of indoor and outdoor emergency calls should be localized within 50-m horizontal and 3-m vertical accuracy. To satisfy the requirements for indoor users, the greatest challenge is finding suitable positioning sources functioning as GPS satellites for outdoor users. Promising candidates, e.g., WiFi and Po-Hsuan Tseng
[email protected] 1
Department of Communication Engineering, National Taipei University, Taipei, Taiwan
2
Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (NTUT), Taipei, Taiwan
3
Askey Computer Corp, Zhonghe, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Bluetooth systems, can achieve location accuracy within several meters for indoor users. However, no unified model prohibits large-scale deployment to cover an entire city or nation. In contrast, 3GPP systems [2] with well-established macro and small cells for outdoor and indoor users provide mature infrastructures for nation-wide positioning services. Most wireless calls are developed by indoor users; therefore, the most critical challenge to satisfying the FCC accuracy requirements is finding an accurate indoor position
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