Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress ( Lepidium sativum ) as a model plant
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RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INNOVATIVE STRATEGIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IN EUROPE
Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant Franz Mlynek 1 & Markus Himmelsbach 1 & Wolfgang Buchberger 1
&
Christian W. Klampfl 1
Received: 2 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of four beta-blockers by the model plant Lepidium sativum (garden cress) and their possible metabolization over a time period of 8 days. Therefore, cress was grown hydroponically in tap water for a week until they were matured, following irrigation with drug-containing water over the course of another 8 days. Samples were taken at days 1, 2, 4, and 8 after irrigation started. All four beta-blockers were taken up by the plants and the different octanol-water coefficients (log P) of the drugs have an influence on the uptake speed in the roots of the plants. The log P seems to have no influence on the translocation of the drugs from the root to the shoots. Furthermore, neither phase I nor phase II metabolization occurred inside the plants. Keywords Plant metabolism . Pharmaceuticals . Beta-blocker . Environmental analysis . Plant uptake
Introduction As water policy is a big topic in the European Union (EU), there are several directives (e.g., 2008/105/EC (European Parliament 2008), 2013/39/EU (European Parliament 2013)) with the purpose of ensuring a high water quality. In addition, the EU campaign “Water is too precious to waste” should point out the increase of water shortages and droughts across the EU in the past years. Water scarcity already affects at least 11% of the population in Europe and 17% of the EU territory respectively. Furthermore, by the year 2030, half of Europe’s river basins could be afflicted (European Comission 2020a, 2020b). In this context, one solution to face water scarcity is the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW), as already done in Malta and Cyprus, for example, where 90% and 60% respectively of the TWW is reused. Countries like Greece, Spain, and Italy only recycle between 5 and 12% of their TWW, so there is a huge potential for improvement in the usage of TWW (European Comission 2020b). Editorial Responsibility: Gangrong Shi * Franz Mlynek [email protected] 1
Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
One potential field of application of TWW is for irrigation in agriculture. As might be expected, reclaimed waters employed in agriculture have to meet certain quality criteria as those presented by the European Commission in the report “Minimum quality requirements for water reuse in agricultural irrigation and aquifer recharge” (Alcalde-Sanz and Gawlik 2017). Although there are limits set in EU regulatories for microbiological and physico-chemical parameters, none is specified yet for “compounds of emerging concern (CEC).” CECs cover a wide range of different substances including pharmaceuticals and personal care pro
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