Tools of Radio Astronomy
The recent years have seen breathtaking progress in technology, especially in the receiver and digital technologies relevant for radio astronomy, which has at the same time advanced to shorter wavelengths. This is the updated and completely revised 5th ed
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G. Börner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, München, Germany W. B. Burton, Charlottesville, VA, USA and Leiden, The Netherlands M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, Köln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France E. K. Grebel, Heidelberg, Germany B. Leibundgut, Garching, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
Thomas L. Wilson · Kristen Rohlfs · Susanne H¨uttemeister
Tools of Radio Astronomy
Fifth Edition
123
Thomas L. Wilson European Southern Observatory (ESO) Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 85748 Garching Germany [email protected]
Kristen Rohlfs Ruhr-University-Bochum Inst. Astrophysik 44721 Bochum Germany [email protected]
Susanne H¨uttemeister Zeiss Planetarium Bochum Castroper Str. 68 44777 Bochum Germany [email protected]
Cover image: The Japanese MELCO 12 meter antennas on the ALMA Operation Support Facility. Credit: (c) ALMA / ESO / NAOJ / NRAO.
ISBN: 978-3-540-85121-9
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-85122-6
DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-85122-6 Astronomy and Astrophysics Library ISSN: 0941-7834 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936464 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Four significant factors have led us to update this text. The first is the breathtaking progress in technology, especially in receiver and digital techniques. The second is the advance of radio astronomy to shorter wavelengths, and the increased availability of astronomical satellites. The third is a need to reorganize some of the chapters in order to separate the basic theory, that seldom changes, from practical aspects that change often. Finally, it is our desire to enhance the text by including problem sets for each chapter. In view of this ambitious plan, we have expanded the number of authors. In the reorganization of this edition, we have divided Chap. 4 of the 4th edition into two Chaps. 4 and 5. The first remains Chap. 4, with a slightly different title, Signal Processing and Receivers: Theory. This was expanded to include digital processing and components including samplers an
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