Toxicity mechanism of Cu 2+ ion individually and in combination with Zn 2+ ion in characterizing the molecular changes o
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Toxicity mechanism of Cu2+ ion individually and in combination with Zn2+ ion in characterizing the molecular changes of Staphylococcus aureus studied using FTIR coupled with chemometric analysis Annika Durve Gupta 1 & Esakimuthu Kavitha 2 & Shikha Singh 1 & Sivakumaran Karthikeyan 3 Received: 29 July 2020 / Accepted: 8 November 2020 / Published online: 25 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract
Copper and zinc have a high binding affinity with a Staphylococcus aureus bacterial community. This causes a change in the biomolecular composition of S. aureus. Our study aims at understanding the resistance mechanism of Cu and Zn either or in various combinations using FTIR and chemometric techniques. Zn toxicity resulted in a significant change in lipid content (3100-2800 cm−1) compared to Cu. A significant decrease in protein content is observed for Cu treatment in the amide region. The bio-concentration factor shows a higher value for Cu compared to Zn. The increase in band area of carbohydrates moieties 1059 cm−1 shows the secretion of EPS due to Cu toxicity. A significant change in nucleic acid compositions was noted in the region1200-900 cm−1 due to Zn treatment. Secondary structural change in protein shows β sheet formation. The result of the finding shows Cu has greater toxicity than Zn. Further toxicity effects were greatly enhanced for metal mixtures ratio (Cu:2Zn). This shows Zn exhibits synergism effect with Cu. The obtained ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve area gives good reliability of the experiments. The study attempts to understand the mechanism of toxicity removal of Cu and Zn metal mixtures by bacterial population using FTIR coupled with chemometric techniques.
Keywords Cu-Zn interaction . BCF . Synergism . FTIR . PCA . ROC
Highlights Individual and combined toxicity of Cu and Zn are studied in S. aureus. The synergism effect is exhibited by Zn in the presence of Cu. Secondary structural protein changes show β sheet formation. PCA plots clearly distinguish control and treated samples. Receiver operating characteristic curves show a higher Youden index measured for Cu treatment.
* Sivakumaran Karthikeyan [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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A. D. Gupta et al.
1 Introduction Water pollution due to the presence of toxic metals remains a serious threat to the environment. Microorganisms are widely affected by the release of toxic metals existing in the environment. They play an effective role in resisting the toxicity and detoxify the metals from the environment by removing them. Bacterial populations have evolved specific resistance mechanisms to exist in a polluted environment. General bacterial resistance mechanisms are efflux pumping of harmful material out from the cell, bioaccumulation, and converting more toxic ion species into a less toxic one. Thus they act as bioremediation of toxic wastes. Efflux pumping is important in the resistance mechanism. Hence understanding the same necessitates developing a proces
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