Transmission studies of the newly described apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid using a combined RT-qPCR and droplet digit
- PDF / 965,842 Bytes
- 7 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 1 Downloads / 171 Views
BRIEF REPORT
Transmission studies of the newly described apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid using a combined RT‑qPCR and droplet digital PCR approach Leichtfried Thomas1 · Reisenzein Helga1 · Steinkellner Siegrid2 · Richard A. Gottsberger1 Received: 28 February 2020 / Accepted: 15 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The transmission of the apscaviroid tentatively named apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid (ACFSVd) was investigated using a one-step reverse-transcription (RT) droplet digital PCR assay for absolute quantification of the viroid, followed by quantification of relative standard curves by RT-qPCR. Our results indicate that ACFSVd is effectively transmitted by grafting, budding and seeds. No transmission has yet been observed to the viroid-inoculated pome fruit species Pyrus sp. and Cydonia sp. ACFSVd was detected in viruliferous aphids (Myzus persicae, Dysaphis plantaginea) and in codling moths (Cydia pomonella). The viroid was also detected systemically in the infected hemiparasitic plant Viscum album subsp. album (mistletoe). Apple chlorotic fruit spot viroid (ACFSVd) is a putative new pathogenic viroid on apple that was recently detected in the Austrian province of Burgenland. This viroid causes chlorotic fruit spots and bump-like symptoms on the skin of apples, thus reducing fruit quality and making the fruits unmarketable [1]. It is crucial that key epidemiological facts be understood to reduce the risk of the spread of this putative new pathogen. For viroids, several means of dispersal are known, such as horizontal transmission by pruning shears, grafting knives or machinery, or vertical transmission by seeds and pollen [2–5]. Additionally, the international trade of propagative material can play a key role in long-distance transmission, because viroids infect plants systemically [6, 7]. Vector-based transmission may have a significant influence on the spread of diseases. Important vectors of viroids are green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) and white flies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) [8–12] as well as bumblebees [4, 13]. Further unobserved modes of transmission could involve harmful Handling Editor: Jesús Navas-Castillo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04704-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Steinkellner Siegrid [email protected] 1
Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, 1220 Vienna, Austria
Institute of Plant Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
2
insects (e.g., codling moths) and hemiparasitic plants such as mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. album L.), which is frequently found in extensively managed apple orchards. These plants come directly into contact with host plants through haustoria [14] and can apparently take up genetic material such as RNA [15]. For the detection and characterization of viroids, various techniques can be used, such as biolog
Data Loading...
