Treatment Options Available for COVID-19 and an Analysis on Possible Role of Combination of rhACE2, Angiotensin (1-7) an
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COVID-19
Treatment Options Available for COVID-19 and an Analysis on Possible Role of Combination of rhACE2, Angiotensin (1-7) and Angiotensin (1-9) as Effective Therapeutic Measure Shahnawaz Muslim 1 & Nasrin Nasrin 2 & Faisal Obaid Alotaibi 3 & Geeta Prasad 4 & Shambhu Kumar Singh 5 & Izhar Alam 6 & Gulam Mustafa 3 Accepted: 10 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Corona virus disease (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is rapidly spreading all around the world and is posing a threat to mankind. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a novel virus, little is known about it and no effective drug is available for its treatment. While many drugs are being evaluated, an effective therapeutic measure is still lacking. SARS-CoV-2 like SARS-CoV binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) present on human cells. SARS-CoV has been found to downregulate ACE2 and SARS- CoV-2 infection has been found to be associated with increased level of Angiotensin II. Based on these facts, we presume that SARS-CoV-2 like SARS-CoV downregulates ACE2, and in absence/reduced activity of ACE2, level of angiotensin (1-7) and angiotensin (1-9) is decreased while that of angiotensin II is increased and increased level of angiotensin II has been found to correlate with lung injury and viral load. We presume that restoration of normal functioning of renin-angiotensin system with recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (rhACE2), angiotensin (1-7) and angiotensin (1-9) may be an effective therapeutic measure but studies will be required to test this hypothesis and explore its possible role in treatment of COVID-19. Keywords COVID-19 . Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 . rhACE2 . SARS-CoV-2 . Angiotensin
Introduction In December 2019, many cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported from Wuhan, China [1]. Cause of this disease was attributed to a new corona virus. The WHO named this This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 * Gulam Mustafa [email protected] 1
Dept. of Surgery, Madhubani Medical College and Hospital, Madhubani, Bihar, India
2
Dept. of Tuberculosis and Chest, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Karim Bagh, Katihar, Bihar, India
3
College of Pharmacy, Al-Dawadmi Campus, Shaqra University, P.O. Box 11961, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
4
Samford Superspeciality Hospital, Kokar Chowk, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
5
Dept. of Surgery, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Karim Bagh, Katihar, Bihar, India
6
Dept. of Pathology, Katihar Medical College and Hospital, Karim Bagh, Katihar, Bihar, India
virus as novel corona virus (nCoV) and the disease as corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19). Later on, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses renamed the virus as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to its genomic similarity with SARS-CoV [2]. SARS-CoV-2 spreads very rapidly, and within a short interval of time, it has spread all around the globe and has put almost the whole globe under lockdown. Several people have died and this number is rapidly inc
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