Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence Study of Rhodamine-6G Dye in Different Sets of Binary Solvents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Two-Photon-Induced Fluorescence Study of Rhodamine-6G Dye in Different Sets of Binary Solvents Rahul Kumar Gupta 1 & Surya Kant 1 & Ashwini Kumar Rawat 1 & Debabrata Goswami 1 Received: 7 April 2020 / Accepted: 23 June 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study deals with the effects of different sets of binary solvents on the Two-Photon Induced Fluorescence (TPIF), a non-linear process, of the Rhodamine-6G (Rh6G) dye, which is a well-known xanthene dye. This work examines the importance of intermolecular interactions, which results in the modulation of the TPIF of the Rh6G. In this work, we have investigated three binary solvent mixtures representing varying polarity and intermolecular interactions. Specific solvent mixtures used are methanolwater, methanol-dimethyl formamide, and methanol-chloroform. Since the solvent polarity across these binary solvents differs, there are significant intermolecular interactions in the binary mixture solvents, which modulate the two-photon process of Rh6G when irradiated with high-intensity laser light at 780 nm. In our studies, we find that Rh6G in the MeOH-H2O binary solvent has maximum red-shift and minimum intensity as compared to other pairs of binary liquids when the volume fraction of methanol decreases due to more extensive hydrogen bonding between the two components. Additionally, at 1:1 ratio of binary mixtures, Rh6G is found to have the highest TPEACS value for methanol-chloroform binary solvent and reason for that is related to the formation of weak H-bond networks between proton donor chloroform and proton acceptor methanol. Keywords Two photon induced fluorescence (TPIF) . Two-photon excitation action cross-section (TPEACS) . Aggregation . Polar and non-polar solvents . Intermolecular interactions . Rhodamine-6G
Introduction In 1961, Kaiser and Garret demonstrated the two-photon induced fluorescence in the CaF2:Eu2+ crystal for the very first time [1]. In the two-photon absorption process, a molecule or fluorophore absorbs two photons simultaneously, which is a third-order nonlinear process [2]. Because of this kind of absorption, there occurs no change in the angular momentum of the material. This has led to a growing interest in the field of microscopy, such as two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM), which was first carried out by Denket al. [3]. TPLSM is finding great applications in the biological research field. TPIF is an indirect and accurate method for calculating the two-photon absorption cross-section provided quantum efficiency of the fluorophore is known beforehand. The real advantage of using the TPIF method is that we can avoid * Debabrata Goswami [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
influences of other nonlinear processes in determining the two-photon absorption cross-section of materials so that obtained values will be very close to the accurate ones. This is because other nonlinear processes that affec
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