Ubiquinone Levels as a Marker of Antioxidant System in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Ubiquinone Levels as a Marker of Antioxidant System in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Yüksel Sümeyra Karagöz1 · Özlem Doğan2 · Serenay Elgün2 · Didem Behice Öztop3 · Birim Günay Kılıç3 Received: 19 September 2020 / Accepted: 18 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aims of this study are to compare serum ubiquinone levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with healthy controls and to investigate the correlation between ubiquinone levels of children with ADHD and their ADHD symptoms. Twenty-seven children who are 6–12 years old age with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder having clinically normal intelligence and 23 children with clinically normal intelligence and no psychiatric disorder of similar age and sex who referred to Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry were included in this study. All children were diagnosed by same researcher using the Semi-Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Scale for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Interview for School Children-Now and for the Life-Long Version (K-SADS-PL). Parents and teachers of the children completed the Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CPRSLF) and Conners Teacher Rating Scale Revised Long Form (CTRS-LF). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the age, gender, and sociodemographic data of the groups. Serum ubiquinone levels of the ADHD group were significantly lower than the control group. We did not find any correlation between ubiquinone levels and clinical values. Since ubiquinone levels are lower in children with ADHD compared with controls, we suggest that decreased antioxidant levels may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis by disrupting oxidative balance. Keywords Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder · Ubiquinone · Child
Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is presented with shortness/ dispersion of attention span, chaotic mobility, and impulsiveness, and the symptoms are observed over a lifetime (APA-American Psychiatric Association 2013). The prevalence of ADHD is 5.29% and is observed in men three to nine times more than in women (Polanczyk et al. 2007a, 2007b). ADHD is multifactorial with genetic and environmental components (Tripp and Wickens 2009; Millichap 2008). * Yüksel Sümeyra Karagöz [email protected] 1
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, 25070 Erzurum, Turkey
2
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
3
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
In the recent years, oxidative stress is one of the most discussed issues in the etiology of ADHD. Oxidative stress is an important mechanism in cell damage and cell death. Recent studies have shown that it significantly contributes to the pathogenesis of
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