Understanding the molecular mechanism of anther development under abiotic stresses
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REVIEW
Understanding the molecular mechanism of anther development under abiotic stresses Zaibao Zhang1 · Menghui Hu1 · Weiwei Xu1 · Yuan Wang1 · Ke Huang1 · Chi Zhang1 · Jie Wen1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Key message The developmental stage of anther development is generally more sensitive to abiotic stress than other stages of growth. Specific ROS levels, plant hormones and carbohydrate metabolism are disturbed in anthers subjected to abiotic stresses. Abstract As sessile organisms, plants are often challenged to multiple extreme abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat, cold, salinity and metal stresses in the field, which reduce plant growth, productivity and yield. The development of reproductive stage is more susceptible to abiotic stresses than the vegetative stage. Anther, the male reproductive organ that generate pollen grains, is more sensitive to abiotic stresses than female organs. Abiotic stresses affect all the processes of anther development, including tapetum development and degradation, microsporogenesis and pollen development, anther dehiscence, and filament elongation. In addition, abiotic stresses significantly interrupt phytohormone, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, alter reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis in anthers, which are strongly responsible for the loss of pollen fertility. At present, the precise molecular mechanisms of anther development under adverse abiotic stresses are still not fully understood. Therefore, more emphasis should be given to understand molecular control of anther development during abiotic stresses to engineer crops with better crop yield. Keywords Anther development · Abiotic stress · Tapetum degradation · Phytohormones · Reactive oxygen species · Carbohydrate metabolism
Introduction In flowering plants, the reproductive stage is the most critical period for it is directly related to seed production and life continuation. Within a flower, both male and female organs are negatively affected by abiotic stresses, with anther development is generally more susceptible to abnormal external environment than pistil and ovules. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, heat, cold, salinity and metal stress, severely affected the progression of pollen development, anther dehiscence, pollen fertility, pollination and pollen tube growth, causing male sterility and yield loss in crops (Barton Zaibao Zhang and Menghui Hu have contributed equally to this work. * Zaibao Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
et al. 2014; Jagadish et al. 2007; Jin et al. 2013). To cope with various stresses, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms, including maintenance of membrane stability, production of antioxidants, accumulation and adjustment of compatible solutes and phytohormones, induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and calciumdependent protein kinase (CDPK) cascades (Vaughan et al. 2015; Guo et al. 2016; Gong et al. 2020). Thes
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