Upconversion Luminescence Imaging of Tumors with EGFR-Affibody Conjugated Nanophosphors
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MRS Advances © 2019 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2019.242
Upconversion Luminescence Imaging of Tumors with EGFR-Affibody Conjugated Nanophosphors Majid Badieirostami1, Colin Carpenter1, Guillem Pratx1, Lei Xing1, and Conroy Sun2,3 1
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201
3
Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
ABSTRACT
Near infrared (NIR) optical imaging has demonstrated significant potential as an effective modality for cancer molecular imaging. Among various NIR probes currently under investigation, upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs) possess great promise due to their antiStokes emission and sequential photon absorption which result in superior detection sensitivity and a simple imaging setup, respectively. Here we investigated the utility of this imaging modality to detect tumor cells expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) using affibody functionalized nanophosphors and a custom built imaging system. Initially, aqueous dispersible NaYF4: Tm+3, Yb+3 UCNPs were synthesized and their photophysical properties were characterized. Then, their luminescence response as a function of concentration and their depth resolving capability in a tissue-simulating phantom were examined. Finally, we demonstrated the use of bioconjugated UCNPs for imaging EGFRexpressing tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggests that NIR imaging with UCNPs may be useful for noninvasive imaging of tumors.
INTRODUCTION Cancer molecular imaging is an evolving field in which diverse optical techniques may soon play a critical role in the early detection and management of tumors. As powerful preclinical tools, novel optical imaging modalities based on
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fluorescence, bioluminescence, absorption, or scattering in both planar and tomographic arrangements have created unique opportunities to study and noninvasively monitor tumor genesis, development, and metastasis in vivo [1-3]. These techniques provide comprehensive information of cellular activities that aid in drug discovery and development, as well as treatment response monitoring. Among various contrast agents developed for specific molecular targeting, near infrared (NIR) fluorescent nanoprobes show great promise. NIR imaging is a simple lowcost procedure that unlike X-ray imaging does not employ potentially hazardous ionizing radiation. Moreover, it benefits from imaging in the 650-900 nm spectral window where tissues display low absorption and relatively low autofluorescence, potentially resulting in high spatial resolution and sensitivity, as well as deep photon penetration
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