U.S. Strategy Against Global Terrorism How It Evolved, Why It Failed

This book examines the various strategies, including Global Counterinsurgency (GCOIN), which have been put forward as alternatives to the Global War On Terror (GWOT), concluding that while a consensus can be found on the key elements of a grand strategy,

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U.S. Strategy Against Global Terrorism How It Evolved, Why It Failed, and Where It is Headed

Andrew T H Tan

U.S. STRATEGY AGAINST GLOBAL TERRORISM

Copyright © Andrew T H Tan, 2009. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-61997-5 All rights reserved. First published in 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world, this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-38257-6 ISBN 978-0-230-10347-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230103474 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Tan, Andrew T H (Andrew Tian Huat) US strategy against global terrorism : how it evolved, why it failed, and where it is headed / Andrew T H Tan. p. cm. 1. Terrorism—Government policy—United States. 2. War on Terrorism, 2001– I. Title. II. Title: United States strategy against global terrorism. HV6432.T36 2009 363.325915610973—dc22

2009008648

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: November 2009 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CON T E N T S

Acknowledgments One

The United States and Global Terrorism

Two

The Failure of the GWOT

vii 1 19

Three The U.S. Invasion of Iraq

45

Four

The Iraq Conundrum and Its Implications

71

Five

The Continuing Threat and Why the United States Failed

97

Six Seven

Eight

The Evolution of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy: From GWOT to COIN

117

The Evolution of U.S. Counterterrorism Strategy: From COIN to Global Counterinsurgency

139

The Future for Counterterrorism

177

Notes

193

Biography

219

Bibliography

221

Index

231

AC K NOW L E DGM E N T S

The author wishes to thank Palgrave Macmillan, particularly Farideh Koohi-Kamali for supporting this project. The research support provided by the University of New South Wales (UNSW), through the award from the Strategic Priority Fund, is also particularly appreciated. A special thanks goes to the following at the UNSW: Vice-Chancellor Fred Hilmer, Professor Mark Wainwright (former Vice-Chancellor), Professor James Donald (Dean, Faculty of Arts), Emeritus Professor Roger Bell, Associate Professor Rogelia Pe-Pua (Head of School), and Professor Terry Walter (now at University of Technology, Sydney). Further, the author wishes to thank Professor Rohan Gunaratna (author of Inside Al Qaeda), who encouraged the author to have the work published in the United States. Special thanks also to the following for their support and encouragement for this work: Emeritus Professor David Rapoport (University of Cali