What maintains seasonal nitrogen limitation in hyper-eutrophic Lake Dianchi? Insights from stoichiometric three-dimensio
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Aquatic Sciences
RESEARCH ARTICLE
What maintains seasonal nitrogen limitation in hyper‑eutrophic Lake Dianchi? Insights from stoichiometric three‑dimensional numerical modeling Zhen Wu1,4 · Rui Zou1,5,6 · Qingsong Jiang1 · James J. Elser2 · Lei Zhao3 · Rui Ye6 · Yong Liu1 Received: 30 November 2019 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract One debate about lake restoration is whether there is overemphasis of a “Phosphorus (P)-only” paradigm, while overlooking the limiting effect of nitrogen (N). In particular, the roles of internal nutrient cycling which could act as drivers of algal blooms are not yet well assessed. However, it is hardly possible to identify the complex mechanisms of nutrient limitation patterns in lakes only by in-situ experiments or monitored data. Numerical modeling can serve as a complementary approach by providing quantitative internal variations with high spatial and temporal resolutions. A three-dimensional model-based N:P stoichiometric approach was developed to explore the storage pools and fluxes that affect the limiting nutrient in hypereutrophic Lake Dianchi, the most eutrophic large lake in China with seasonal N limitation. The results highlighted the role of benthic P fluxes, which fluctuated considerably within a year and could supply enough P for algae, contributing over 50% of P input and leading to relative N deficiency during algal bloom. Further insights into N cycling indicated that N deficiency could be attributed to low N fixation and extremely high N losses from denitrification (~ 50% of total loss). Considering the continuous sediment P release and N losses that promote N deficiency, controlling both N and P loadings will benefit lake restoration.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-020-00744-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yong Liu [email protected] 1
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Materials Flux in Rivers, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2
Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
3
Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
4
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
5
Rays Computational Intelligence Lab, Beijing Inteliway Environmental Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
6
Nanjing Innowater Environmental Science and Technology, Ltd, Nanjing 210012, China
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Graphic abstract
Keywords Nutrient limitation · N:P ratio · Stoichiometry · Nutrient retention · Water quality model · Lake Dianchi
Introduction Eutrophication is a long-standing global threat to natural lakes (Conley et al. 2009; Davidson and Howarth 2007; Seitzinger 2008), which is caused by excessive anthropogenic nutrient inputs and can also be amplified by internal nutrient cycling (also kno
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