Why Children Smoke in 2015 and Prospects for Stopping Them: a Review of Current Literature
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PEDIATRICS (S GIDDING, SECTION EDITOR)
Why Children Smoke in 2015 and Prospects for Stopping Them: a Review of Current Literature Rebecca J. Williams 1 & Rebecca A. Knight 2 & Thomas A. Wills 2
Published online: 27 August 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract This paper is a review of the current research from 2014 to early 2015 on why children smoke and ways of preventing them from starting. Tobacco use is a major preventable reason for mortality worldwide. We reviewed articles from PsycInfo and PubMed with key words, resulting in 245 articles. After the examining of these articles, 76 articles were used in the final review. The commonly reported results for risk factors in the articles reported for adolescent smoking including parental/family/peer influences, depression symptoms, other substance use, stress/negative life events, and low academic performance. In prevention of smoking, the result of the current literature highlighted school-based prevention, tobacco control policy, preventive/protective factors, health-care provider influences, and peer and parental influences as possible streams to target prevention. Significant progress and research has been made over the past year, and future research is needed to continue the understanding of the risk factors of smoking for each generation. If we can understand the reasons on why adolescents smoke, we can prevent them from smoking, which will lead to a decrease in morbidity and mortality from smoking worldwide.
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Pediatrics * Rebecca J. Williams [email protected] 1
Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai’i at Manoa, 1960 East-west Rd, Biomed C-103, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
2
University of Hawai’i Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
Keywords Tobacco . Smoking . Prevention . Adolescents . Risk/protective factors
Introduction BTobacco use remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States (US), yet nearly 46 million people currently smoke cigarettes [1], causing one of every five deaths annually^ [2]. Globally, tobacco use is also one of the leading preventable causes of morbidity and mortality [3]. Five million deaths are attributable to tobacco use annually and it is predicted that this numbers will exceed 10 million deaths in 2020, with 70 % of these deaths occurring in developing countries [3]. BDespite major efforts against smoking, tobacco use is still a major concern in the adolescent population. Nearly 13 % of youth in the US smoke cigarettes^ [4] and Balmost 4000 youths under the age of 18 start smoking every day [5]. In the US, 88 % of adult smokers started smoking by the age of 18^ [4]. Worldwide smoking prevalence varies, although in many developing countries adolescent smoking has been rapidly increasing [6]. The prevalence of current cigarette smoking among aged 13–15 years old in countries worldwide ranged from 1.8 % (Rwanda) to 32.9 % (Latvia) [3]. The highest rate of youth trying smoking before the age of 15 in Latin
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