Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials
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Zinc and COVID-19: Basis of Current Clinical Trials Amit Pal 1 & Rosanna Squitti 2 & Mario Picozza 3 & Anil Pawar 4 & Mauro Rongioletti 5 & Atanu Kumar Dutta 1 & Sibasish Sahoo 1 & Kalyan Goswami 1 & Praveen Sharma 6 & Rajendra Prasad 7 Received: 13 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to threaten patients, societies, and economic and healthcare systems around the world. Like many other diseases, the host immune system determines the progress of COVID-19 and fatality. Modulation of inflammatory response and cytokine production using immunonutrition is a novel concept that has been applied to other diseases as well. Zinc, one of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant micronutrient found in food with well-established role in immunity, is currently being used in some clinical trials against COVID-19. This review integrates the contemporary studies of role of zinc in antiviral immunity along with discussing its potential role against COVID-19, and ongoing COVID-19 clinical trials using zinc. Keywords COVID-19 . Clinical trials . Immunity . Zinc
Introduction As the whole world is grappling with coronavirus disease2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a frantic race for finding treatment regimens based on current knowledge until effective vaccine and ad hoc drugs are developed. Indeed, therapeutic approaches against COVID-19, mostly centered on the management of its immunopathology and/or tailored to directly control viral replication, are for now based on off-label prescription. Several human trials are currently in * Amit Pal [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Kalyani, West Bengal 741245, India
2
Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
3
Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
4
Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
5
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
6
Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
7
Department of Biochemistry, MM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
progress to assess the therapeutic indexes of drugs already approved for other diseases (i.e., drug repurposing), and in combination with dietary supplements like vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, probiotics, and zinc (Zn). Zn is a common theme in both prophylactic and curative COVID-19 clinical studies using nutritional supplements. Zn, the second most abundant trace metal in the human body after iron, is essential for multiple cellular functions including maintenance of immune health. Notably, “Zn proteome” is estimated to encompass around 3000 pr
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