Quantitative study on the fate of antibiotic emissions in China
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REVIEW PAPER
Quantitative study on the fate of antibiotic emissions in China Shuxin Chen . Jing Wang . Huajun Feng . Dongsheng Shen . Shichong He . Yingfeng Xu
Received: 27 March 2019 / Accepted: 10 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract China, the largest producer and user of antibiotics in the world, discharges excessive amounts of these substances into the environment, without prior treatment. This results in ubiquitous distribution of these substances, as well as increased levels of drugresistant bacteria, that will eventually cause unimaginable consequences to the environment and to humans. However, most of the research on antibiotics has focused on residue analysis of single medium such as wastewater and landfills. There is paucity of research that systematically investigates the fate of antibiotics after excretion, and specifically of endtreatment processes. In this paper, the fate of antibiotic emissions is systematically calculated. The results show that human and livestock feces account for 57.6% and 42.6% of the discharge of medicinal antibiotics and veterinary antibiotics, respectively. Of
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00563-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Chen H. Feng D. Shen Y. Xu (&) Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China e-mail: [email protected] J. Wang S. He Zhejiang Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment, Hangzhou 310012, China
these feces types, pig feces accounted for 98.7% of antibiotic residues in livestock feces. The above conclusions can be used to clarify the direction of the tracking and supervision of antibiotic residues and provide new ideas for the treatment of antibiotics, especially their terminal removal. Keywords Antibiotic use Excrement Removal process Antibiotic restriction Antibiotic regulation
Introduction Antibiotics, substances that selectively inhibit biological activities of certain organisms at low concentrations, began to be widely used in agriculture and livestock to fight and prevent the flu after the second half of the twentieth century. Despite the undisputed advantages in health care, the biological toxicity of antibiotics should have attracted more attention (Santos et al. 2010). The abuse of antibiotics in China is very serious. In 2011, when the Chinese Ministry of Health started to reform the human medical system, the DID (average daily antibiotics used per 1000 residents) was 157 g, which was more than five times higher than that of the USA (28.8 g) and the UK (27.4 g) (Zhang et al. 2015). In 2013, a total of 92,700 tons of 36 most common antibiotics were used in China, the largest producer and consumer of antibiotics, as shown in Fig. 1 (Zhang
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Environ Geochem Health
Fig. 1 Distribution of antibiotic use density a
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