Numerical study of the antibiotic transport and distribution in the Laizhou Bay, China
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Numerical study of the antibiotic transport and distribution in the Laizhou Bay, China Liming Xing1 · Haifei Liu1 · Jian Guo Zhou2 Received: 13 February 2020 / Revised: 21 April 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A large number of antibiotic residues are discharged into aquatic environments due to the widespread use of antibiotics in daily life. After a series of processes in the water, the residues will potentially have adverse impacts on water ecosystem and human health. Therefore, it is critical for mediating the pollution to know how the antibiotics transport and distribute in the water. This study utilizes a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model to find out the transport and distribution of antibiotics in a highly polluted area, the Laizhou Bay in China. Furthermore, the model was used to simulate two scenarios in the Laizhou Bay, the antibiotics from sewage treatment plants and the contamination of mariculture. The simulated results show that the model as an effective tool can provide a useful basis for the management of antibiotics-related environmental issues in the Laizhou Bay. Keywords Antibiotic · Aquatic environment · Laizhou Bay · Management · Lattice Boltzmann method
Introduction Antibiotics have been used extensively in human and veterinary pharmaceuticals for the purpose of preventing or treating microbial infections since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 (K¨ummerer 2009). It has been estimated that the annual usage of antibiotics in China is approximately 25,000 tons, accounting for a considerable proportion of global annual usage, which is between 100,000 and 200,000 tons (K¨ummerer 2003). In addition, antibiotics are commonly used in mariculture, for instance, in shrimp farming (Holmstr¨om et al. 2003). Only a few antibiotic compounds are partially biodegraded in aquatic systems; most of them Responsible Editor: Marcus Schulz Haifei Liu
[email protected] Liming Xing [email protected] Jian Guo Zhou [email protected] 1
School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
2
Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
are residual. If antibiotic residues are not eliminated properly, then they can reach aquatic and terrestrial environments, where they can have detrimental effects (K¨ummerer 2003; 2009) and will lead to antibiotic resistance among pathogens infecting cultured animals and humans. Therefore, antibiotics have been listed as a kind of emerging environmental contaminant due to their possible threats to ecosystems and human health (Liu and Wong 2013). Recently, increasing numbers of scholars have begun to study antibiotics in marine environments. They have found that the main sources of antibiotics are riverine inputs (Yang et al. 2014), sewage treatment plants (Li et al. 2016) and mariculture (Holmstr¨om et al. 2003). The Laizhou Bay (37.65◦ N, 119.28◦ E∼37.68◦ N, 120.22◦ E) is one of the three largest bays in the B
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