Radiation Effects
For the most part, the effects of visible light on protoplasmic viscosity have been studied by botanists. The reason for this is quite obvious; plant protoplasm is apparently much more sensitive to visible light than is the protoplasm of animal cells. In
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L. V. HEILBR UNN
UND
F. WEBER GRAZ
PHILADELPHIA
MITHERAUSGEBER
w.
H. ARISZ-GRONINGEN . H. BAUER·WILHELMSHAVEN . J. BRACHET· BRUXELLES . H. G. CALLAN - ST. ANDREWS . R. COLLANDER- HELSINKI . K. DAN -TOKYO· E. FAURE-FREMIET-PARIS . A. FREY-WYSSLING-ZORICH' L. GEITLER-WIEN . K. HOFLER-WIEN . M. H. JACOBS-PHILADELPHIA· D. MAZIA-BERKELEY . A. MONROY-PALERMO . J. RUNNSTROM-STOCKHOLM . W. J. SCHMIDT - GIESSEN . S. STRUGGER -MONSTER
BAND II
CYTOPLASMA
c PHYSIK, PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE, KOLLOIDCHEMIE 1 THE VISCOSITY OF PROTOPLASM
WIEN
SPRINGER -VERLAG 1958
THE VISCOSITY OF PROTOPLASM BY
1. V. HEILBR UNN PHILADELPHIA WITH 23 FIGURES
WIEN SPRINGER·VERLAG 1958
ALLE RECHTE, INSBESONDERE DAS DER UBERSETZUNG IN FREMDE SPRACHEN, VORB~HALTEN. OHNE AUSDRUCKLICHE GENEHMIGUNG DES VERLAGES 1ST ES AUCH NICHT GESTATTET, DIESES BUCH ODER TEILE DARAUS AUF PHOTOMECHANISCHEM WEGE (PHOTOKOPIE, MIKROKOPIE) ZU VERVIELFALTIGEN. © BY SPRINGER·VERLAG IN VIENNA 1958.
ISBN-13: 978-3-211-80485-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-7091-5458-8 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-5458-8
Protoplasmatologia II. Cytoplasm a C. Physik, Physikalische Chemie, Kolloidchemie 1. The Viscosity of Protoplasma
The Viscosity of Protoplasm By
L. V. HEILBRUNN Zoologlical Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania With 23 Figures
Table of Contents Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Viscosity Concept . . . . . . . . . . . The Measurement of Protoplasmic Viscosity Absolute Viscosity . . . Plant Protoplasm . . Protozoan Protoplasm Muscle Protoplasm . . Nerve Protoplasm . . The Protoplasm of Marine Eggs A General Statement . . . . . The Effect of Various Physiological Factors The Action of Temperature . . . . . . The Action of Pressure and of Electricity Radiation Effects . . . . Visible Light Ultraviolet Radiation X Rays and Beta Rays The Action of Salts, Acids and Bases Hypertonic and Hypotonic Solutions Fat Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyanide and Azide . . . . . . Clotting and Anticlotting Substances Substances Used in the Treatment of Cancer Various Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . Injury and Injury Substances . . . . The Significance of the Viscosity Data Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . Protoplasmatologia II, C, 1
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5 13 14 19
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58 62 71
73 79 81
84 87 92 96 100
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II, C, 1: L. V.
HElL BRUNN,
The Viscosity of Protoplasm
Introduction From the very beginning of the study of protoplasm, biologists and cell physiologists have been concerned with the attempt to understand as much as possible about its physical state. But it is doubtful if in any other field of biology there has been more erroneous information gathered and perpetuated. This has in part been due to a lack of understanding of basic physical facts, in part also to the publication of numerous careless and untrustworthy observations. Microdissectionists prodded the cell with their microneedles, and they made many definite statements both concerning the relative and also the absolute viscosity of the protoplasm they attacked. These
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