Radical Oxygen Species, Exercise and Aging: An Update
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Radical Oxygen Species, Exercise and Aging: An Update Mohamed Amine Bouzid1 • Edith Filaire2 • Alan McCall1 • Claudine Fabre1
Published online: 29 June 2015 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Abstract It is now well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. In fact, ROS act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades; however, they can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis. Aging is an intricate phenomenon characterized by a progressive decline in physiological functions and an increase in mortality, which is often accompanied by many pathological diseases. ROS are involved in age-associated damage to macromolecules, and this may cause derangement in ROS-mediated cell signalling, resulting in stress and diseases. Moreover, the role of oxidative stress in age-related sarcopenia provides strong evidence for the important contribution of physical activity to limit this process. Regular physical activity is considered a preventive measure against oxidative stress–related diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the currently available studies investigating the effects of chronic and/or acute physical exercise on the oxidative stress process in healthy elderly subjects. Although studies on oxidative stress and physical activity are limited, the available information shows that acute exercise increases ROS production and oxidative stress damage in older adults, whereas chronic exercise could protect elderly subjects from oxidative stress damage and reinforce their antioxidant defences. The available
& Mohamed Amine Bouzid [email protected] 1
Universite´ de Lille, URePSSS, EA ‘‘Activite´ Physique Muscle Sante´’’, Faculte´ des Sciences du Sport et de l’Education Physique, 9 rue de l’Universite´, 59790 Ronchin, France
2
Laboratoire CIAMS, EA4532, Universite´ Paris-Sud, Universite´ Orle´ans, Orle´ans, France
studies reveal that to promote beneficial effects of physical activity on oxidative stress, elderly subjects require moderate-intensity training rather than high-intensity exercise.
Key Points Aging is associated with increased free-radical generation, which induces cell damage. Acute exercise increases free-radical generation and oxidative injury in the elderly. Regular physical activity could prevent oxidative stress–related diseases in the elderly.
1 Introduction Despite prolongation of the lifespan in developed countries in the last several decades, a proportion of the elderly population are frail and vulnerable to physical and mental disorders that impair the quality of their later lives. Numerous anti-aging measures have been proposed to ameliorate and/or retard age-associated declines in physiological functions and/or the onset of diseases [1]. The free-radical theory of aging [2] has been the basis of these major anti-aging strategies, although this theory has been criticized as being not definitely proven [3]. In fact, among the various theories that attempt to
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