Raman spectroscopic study and identification of multi-period osteoarthritis of canine knee joint
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Raman spectroscopic study and identification of multi‑period osteoarthritis of canine knee joint Lin‑Wei Shang1 · Juan‑Juan Fu1 · Dan‑Ying Ma1 · Yuan Zhao1 · Bao‑Kun Huang2 · Jian‑Hua Yin1 Received: 23 June 2020 / Accepted: 11 November 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract A home-made small-sized Raman spectrometer combined with machine learning algorithms was used to study and identify healthy and multi-period osteoarthritis (OA) canine knee joints. Nine canines were equally divided into three groups according to the post-operative (OA modeling) time of 2-month, 3-month and 7-month. Other two normal canines were used as control. It was found that the degeneration degree of cartilage was positively correlated with post-operative time by doing anatomical analysis. The mixed Raman spectra of cartilage and subchondral bone were collected and analyzed, which reveals subchondral bone demineralization and carbonate ion substituting into the apatite mineral during OA. Raman spectra combined with principal component analysis (PCA) further disclosed that collagen matrix became unordered, both content ratios of amide I/matrix and phenylalanine/matrix in OA cartilage and subchondral bone increased. Based on the PCA getting five principal components, all groups were effectively discriminated by Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) with high accuracy of 91.07% for the validation set, as well as 95.45% for the test set. It suggests that Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning is capable to become an effective tool to achieve in situ identification of multi-period OA with high accuracy and preclinical significance.
1 Introduction Articular cartilage is a kind of translucent connective tissue for reducing friction, stress and cushions vibration during joint activities [1]. Articular cartilage consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and chondrocytes. ECM is mainly composed of water and macromolecules, which ensures the mechanical and physiological function of the cartilage [2]. The mainly macromolecules in cartilage are collagen and proteoglycan (PG). Collagen forms the three-dimensional network that maintains the normal morphology and strength of cartilage. PG embeds in the collagen three-dimensional network, which ensures the elasticity and anti-compression ability of cartilage [3, 4]. Furthermore, the subchondral bone which mainly composed of phosphate and carbonate lying * Bao‑Kun Huang huang‑[email protected] * Jian‑Hua Yin [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
School of Electronic Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
2
below the cartilage and adjacent to the cancellous bone [5]. Such structures together provide the weight bearing capacity to the knee joint. Usually, the destruction of the collagen network and the loss of PG mean the occurrence of OA [2]. Since the changes of chemical composition of cartilage and subchondral bone are difficult to be detecte
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