Recent Advances in 2D Imaging of Element Distribution in Plants by Focused Beam Techniques
As sessile organisms, plants must constantly adapt to environmental changes. Plant performance is related to availability of light, water, and mineral nutrients, which is especially important in agricultural systems, where minerals are removed from the fi
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Recent Advances in 2D Imaging of Element Distribution in Plants by Focused Beam Techniques Katarina Vogel-Mikuš, Johannes Teun van Elteren, Marjana Regvar, Jitrin Chaiprapa, Boštjan Jenčič, Iztok Arčon, Alojz Kodre, Peter Kump, Anja Kavčič, Mitja Kelemen, Dino Metarapi, Marijan Nečemer, Primož Vavpetič, Primož Pelicon, and Paula Pongrac
8.1 Introduction About one half of all elements can be found in measurable concentrations in the living systems, with 95% accounting for carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). In humans and other mammals, 23 elements are essential. From these, 11 elements can be classified as “trace elements,” including transition metals such as vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo) and non-metals such as selenium (Se), fluorine (F), K. Vogel-Mikuš (*) University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia e-mail: [email protected] J. T. van Elteren · D. Metarapi National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia M. Regvar · A. Kavčič University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia J. Chaiprapa Sinchrotron Light Research Institute, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand B. Jenčič · P. Kump · M. Kelemen · M. Nečemer · P. Vavpetič · P. Pelicon · P. Pongrac Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia I. Arčon Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia A. Kodre Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Mathematics and Physics, Ljubljana, Slovenia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 G. Sablok (ed.), Plant Metallomics and Functional Omics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19103-0_8
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and iodine (I). All these belong to the so-called micronutrients that are needed in human diet in very small quantities (generally less than 100 mg day−1). By contrast, elements referred to as “macronutrients”, such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and chlorine (Cl), are required in larger quantities (Fraga 2005). In higher plants, 16 elements (N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, boron (B), Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, and Cl) besides C, O, and H are considered essential, while the requirement for silicon (Si), Na, nickel (Ni), Co, and Se is restricted to a limited number of plant species (White and Brown 2010). These elements are considered beneficial for the plant growth and development. Progress in research defining the essence or benefits for plants was closely related to the development of analytical methods and purification of chemicals and analysis (Singh et al. 2013b). In the last decades, elements that are needed in human and animal diet in concentration of
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