Recent advances in consensus protocols for blockchain: a survey
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Recent advances in consensus protocols for blockchain: a survey Shaohua Wan1,2 • Meijun Li3 • Gaoyang Liu3 • Chen Wang3
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract As the core of a blockchain system, the consensus mechanism not only helps to maintain the consistency of node data, but also gets involved in the issuance of tokens and prevention of attacks. Since the first blockchain system was born, it has been continuously improved with the development of blockchain technology and evolved into multiple new branches. Starting with the basic introduction of consensus and the classic Byzantine Generals Problem in distributed computing area, this survey utilizes a thorough classification to explain current consensus protocols in the blockchain system, presents the characteristics of mainstream protocols (PoW, PoS, DPoS, PBFT, etc.) and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of them. Then we evaluate the performance qualitatively and quantitatively. In the end, we highlight several research directions for developing more practical consensus protocols for the future. Keywords Blockchain Consensus protocol PoW PoS DPoS PBFT
1 Introduction Born as the underlying technology of Bitcoin [40], a blockchain is a decentralized database which is comprised of a series of data blocks attached by cryptography. Each data block contains a batch of transactions to verify the validity of information and generate the next block. The blockchain absorbs miscellaneous techniques such as distributed architecture, peer-to-peer network protocol, encryption algorithm, smart contract, identity authentication, cloud & Chen Wang [email protected] Shaohua Wan [email protected] Meijun Li [email protected] Gaoyang Liu [email protected] 1
State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
2
School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China
3
School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
computing, etc., becoming a transparent and highly-reliable overall technical solution [47]. It can be widely applied into scenarios such as mobile Internet [11, 36, 46, 51, 62], sensor networks [27, 53–56], as well as Internet of Things [2, 23, 35, 63, 66]. For example, blockchain-as-aservice [60] affords mobile content providers with an ecosystem that stores and controls their content across the entire mobile network, enabling copyright protection, auto online marketing and eliminating the risk of hacking and content redistribution. Blockchain can also help deploy 5G technologies and assist next-generation distributed wireless networks by providing seamless access across heterogeneous devices and multiple networks [1, 16, 24, 52]. Essentially, a blockchain system is an asynchronous distributed system that could be analyzed as a set of state machine
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