Recent Advances of Sarcopenia and Frailty in CKD
This book highlights recent advances in our understanding of sarcopenia and frailty in CKD. The prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty increases substantially as CKD progresses, and experimental studies have demonstrated the pivotal role of accumulated urem
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Recent Advances of Sarcopenia and Frailty in CKD
Akihiko Kato • Eiichiro Kanda Yoshihiko Kanno Editors
Recent Advances of Sarcopenia and Frailty in CKD
Editors Akihiko Kato Blood Purification Unit Hamamatsu University Hospital Hamamatsu Shizuoka Japan
Eiichiro Kanda Medical Science Kawasaki Medical School Kurashiki Japan
Yoshihiko Kanno Department of Nephrology Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
ISBN 978-981-15-2364-9 ISBN 978-981-15-2365-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2365-6 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
Preface
There is increasing interest in actively addressing sarcopenia and frailty in the field of CKD. Experimental studies have demonstrated that uraemia facilitates skeletal muscle wasting via multiple mechanisms such as increased inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxidative species, insulin resistance, metabolic acidosis and accumulated uremic toxin. Recent advances have focused on skeletal muscle renewal, the role of mitochondrial pathophysiology and exercise mimetics. Skeletal muscle progenitor cells, termed as satellite cells, provide new nuclei to myofibres, thus contributing to the increase and maintenance of muscle mass. Abnormalities of mitochondrial structure, function and composition are also observed in muscular cells in uraemia. The prevalence of sarcopenia and frailty increases substantially in the advanced CKD stages. Sarcopenia and frailty are closely associated with adverse outcomes such as falls, bone fracture, cognitive impairment, major cardiovascular events and mortality. The frailty syndrome is also related to the risk of advancing to end-stag
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